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Quispamsis
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Quispamsis (/kwɪs.pæm.sɪs/,[a] sometimes shortened to Quispam /kwɪsˈpæm/) is a suburban town located in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada. Located within Saint John's metropolitan area, it borders the town of Rothesay to form the Kennebecasis Valley and is located along the lower Kennebecasis River. As of 2021, the population of Quispamsis was 18,768.[1]
Key Information
History
[edit]The region was initially inhabited by the Maliseet First Nation, who were members of the Wabanaki Confederacy.[2] The name "Quispamsis" was derived from the Maliseet language, signifying "little lake in the woods," possibly referring specifically to the present-day Ritchie Lake.[3] Around 1783, Acadians, British pre-Loyalists and Loyalists settled in the area, with many individuals receiving land grants along the Kennebecasis and Hammond Rivers.
In December 1982, Quispamsis' application for town status was accepted by the province; it was New Brunswick's largest village at the time.[4]
Amalgamation
[edit]
Following the December 1992 release of a government discussion paper entitled "Strengthening Municipal Government in New Brunswick's Urban Centres", a series of localized feasibility studies were commissioned by the Frank McKenna's Liberals targeting six geographic areas: Edmunston, Campbellton, Dalhousie, Miramichi, Moncton, and Saint John. In each instance, a panel composed of local representatives and expert consulting staff made specific recommendations for each urban-centred region.[5] The report for the Greater Saint John area, "A Community of Communities: Creating a stronger future" - often referred to simply as the Cormier Report - offered two potential solutions to the Province for consolidating the many municipalities in Greater Saint John, neither of which was ultimately adopted by government.
Option one offered by the Cormier Report was to create three communities with regionalization of some services. Under this option, the six Kennebecasis Valley communities (East Riverside-Kinghurst, Fairvale, Gondola Point, Quispamsis, Renforth, and Rothesay) plus the local service district of the Parish of Rothesay would be consolidated into one new municipality. The Town of Grand Bay and various unincorporated areas around Saint John would also be consolidated into the City of Saint John to form the second new municipality. The third municipality in this scenario would be Westfield, which would remain separate because it was more rural and less populated.[6] In this scenario, many services including water and sewerage, planning, and economic development would be regionalized across the three municipalities.
The second option offered by Cormier was a full consolidation of eight of the existing communities into one new city. In this scenario, only Westfield would remain a separate municipality.[7] Full consolidation was unpopular among residents outside the City of Saint John. Suburban residents stated generally that they were pleased with their communities as they were and that they liked their lower tax rates. As Cormier summarized it, residents "perceive Saint John as an expensive, poorly managed bureaucracy that does not serve its citizens well. They fear loss of control, loss of services, and loss of neighbourhood friendliness and sense of community."[8]
Ultimately, neither of the two options was implemented. Rather, the provincial government chose to proceed with partial consolidations and opted to legislate cost sharing for five specific regional facilities.[9] Quispamsis amalgamated on January 1, 1998 with the nearby communities of Gondola Point and Wells to form the present town, covering an area of 60 km2 and bordering the town of Rothesay to the southwest with the Hammond River along its northeastern boundary.
Occasional discussion about the possibility of further amalgamating Rothesay with Quispamsis has not proceeded beyond the discussion phase,[10] though the two municipalities do collaborate extensively to share services and facilities.[11] Notably, both towns' boundaries were also left largely unaltered by the 2023 New Brunswick local governance reform.[12]
Demographics
[edit]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Quispamsis had a population of 18,768 living in 6,855 of its 6,985 total private dwellings, a change of 2.9% from its 2016 population of 18,245. With a land area of 56.97 km2 (22.00 sq mi), it had a population density of 329.4/km2 (853.2/sq mi) in 2021.[13]
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| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source: Statistic Canada[14][15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Panethnic group | 2021[16] | 2016[17] | 2011[18] | 2006[19] | 2001[20] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| European[b] | 17,170 | 92.94% | 17,095 | 95.21% | 16,780 | 95.07% | 14,980 | 98.29% | 13,455 | 97.85% |
| East Asian[c] | 490 | 2.65% | 315 | 1.75% | 305 | 1.73% | 40 | 0.26% | 40 | 0.29% |
| Indigenous | 275 | 1.49% | 240 | 1.34% | 195 | 1.1% | 45 | 0.3% | 70 | 0.51% |
| African | 230 | 1.24% | 150 | 0.84% | 170 | 0.96% | 45 | 0.3% | 95 | 0.69% |
| South Asian | 125 | 0.68% | 50 | 0.28% | 90 | 0.51% | 55 | 0.36% | 45 | 0.33% |
| Southeast Asian[d] | 75 | 0.41% | 20 | 0.11% | 30 | 0.17% | 20 | 0.13% | 0 | 0% |
| Latin American | 30 | 0.16% | 20 | 0.11% | 40 | 0.23% | 50 | 0.33% | 30 | 0.22% |
| Middle Eastern[e] | 10 | 0.05% | 45 | 0.25% | 50 | 0.28% | 10 | 0.07% | 20 | 0.15% |
| Other/multiracial[f] | 75 | 0.41% | 35 | 0.19% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 20 | 0.15% |
| Total responses | 18,475 | 98.44% | 17,955 | 98.41% | 17,650 | 98.38% | 15,240 | 100.01% | 13,750 | 99.95% |
| Total population | 18,768 | 100% | 18,245 | 100% | 17,941 | 100% | 15,239 | 100% | 13,757 | 100% |
| Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses | ||||||||||
Parks
[edit]There are a number of recreational parks in the area. Parks open at dawn and closed at dusk. Parks include:
Arts and Culture Park (12 Landing Court) – includes walking trails, WiFi, picnic/chess tables, benches, stage and mezzanine. During the summer months there are outdoor movies and music free of charge and ice skating during the winter months.
Hammond River Park (28 Reynar Drive) – includes 40 acres, a fire pit, barbecue, picnic tables, hiking trails and a log cabin which is available for rent.
Off Leash Park (222 Vincent Road) – fenced-in area, trails and benches. This is an area for dog owners to let their dog run free.[citation needed]
Meenan's Cove Park (199 Model Farm Road) – includes picnic tables, barbecues, beach, boat dock, playground, ball field, walking trails and beach volleyball courts.
Ritchie Lake Park (Cedar Grove Drive) – includes picnic tables, beach and walking trails.
Quispamsis Qplex (20 Randy Jones Way) - includes two soccer fields, a baseball field, tennis courts, an arena, a swimming pool and a playground as well as many varied walking trails.
Gondola Point Beach - Gondola Point Beach is a supervised freshwater beach with changing rooms and picnic areas. It is situated on a sandbar overlooking the Kennebecasis River at the entrance to the Gondola Point Cable Ferry service in Quispamsis. In the summer of 2014 there was a section on the beach fenced off for a "dog beach".[citation needed]
Transport
[edit]The Gondola Point Ferry, linking Quispamsis with the Kingston Peninsula, was originally installed by William Pitt and is the first underwater cable ferry in the world.[21]
The COMEX bus service run by Saint John Transit runs through the Kennebecasis Valley and shuttles commuters from Quispamsis to Saint John every day, Mondays to Fridays. There are a few "park and ride" locations for commuters to leave their car for the day to take the bus into Saint John and along with other standing bus stops along the way.[22]
Education
[edit]Quispamsis has a number of schools from grades K-12, these schools are:
| School | Grades |
|---|---|
| Quispamsis Elementary School | K-5 |
| Lakefield Elementary School | K-5 |
| Chris Saunders Memorial Elementary School | K-5 |
| École des Pionniers | K-5 |
| Origins Academy | K-5 |
| Valley Christian Academy | K-12 |
| Quispamsis Middle School | 6-8 |
| Kennebecasis Valley High School | 9-12 |
Notable people
[edit]- Tricia Black - actress known for Pretty Hard Cases and an alumni of The Second City
- Blaine Higgs - Politician and 34th Premier of New Brunswick
- Randy Jones - Former professional ice hockey player who played eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings, Tampa Bay Lightning and Winnipeg Jets.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The name is traditionally pronounced with a weak stress on any syllable, on the first and the third syllables, or on all syllables; the pronunciation with a strong stress on the second syllable is a recent development and is found mostly in those who have never visited the town.
- ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Profile table". Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "About Quispamsis". Quispamsis. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "Quispamsis". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
- ^ "Village To Become Town". The Daily Gleaner. December 29, 1982. p. 3. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Finn, Jean-Guy (2008). Building Stronger Local Governments and Regions: An Action Plan for the Future of Local Governance in New Brunswick. Report of the Commissioner on the Future of Local Governance (PDF). New Brunswick. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-55471-179-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cormier, E. F. (Skip) (1997). A Community of Communities: Creating a Stronger Future. Local Government Options for the Greater Saint John Area. New Brunswick: Department of Municipalities, Culture, and Housing. pp. 21–22.
- ^ Cormier, E. F. (Skip) (1997). A Community of Communities: Creating a Stronger Future. Local Government Options for the Greater Saint John Area. New Brunswick: Department of Municipalities, Culture, and Housing. p. 23.
- ^ E. F. (Skip), Cormier (1997). A Community of Communities: Creating a Stronger Future. Local Government Options for the Greater Saint John Area. New Brunswick: Department of Municipalities, Housing, and Culture. pp. 70–71.
- ^ Finn, Jean-Guy (2008). Building Stronger Local Governments and Regions: An Action Plan for the Future of Local Governance in New Brunswick. Report of the Commissioner on the Future of Local Governance (PDF). New Brunswick. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-55471-179-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "2 southern N.B. towns consider amalgamation". CBC.ca. January 3, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
- ^ Mcguire, Peter (September 18, 2010). "Time for the valley to take the plunge?". Telegraph-Journal. telegraphjournal.com. p. B1. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
- ^ Working together for vibrant and sustainable communities: White Paper (PDF). Fredericton, New Brunswick: Province of New Brunswick. 2021. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4605-2957-7.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), New Brunswick". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
- ^ "Community highlights for Quispamsis". Community Profiles, 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Quispamsis, New Brunswick". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ "Ferry tale: How cable ferries became a way of life in southern N.B." Retrieved June 3, 2025.
- ^ "Public Transit". Town of Quispamsis. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
External links
[edit]Quispamsis
View on GrokipediaGeography
Location and Physical Features
Quispamsis is situated in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada, within the Greater Saint John metropolitan area. The town lies approximately 20 kilometres northeast of Saint John and borders Rothesay to the east, collectively forming the Kennebecasis Valley region along the lower reaches of the Kennebecasis River. Its central geographic coordinates are 45.43°N latitude and 65.95°W longitude.[4][5] The municipality covers a land area of 56.97 square kilometres.[6] Quispamsis occupies a position in the Kennebecasis Valley, featuring gently rolling hills and riverine terrain characteristic of southern New Brunswick's Appalachian foothills. The Hammond River flows through the area, supporting local parks, trails, and recreational activities such as hiking and kayaking, while the nearby Kennebecasis River contributes to the valley's scenic and hydrological profile.[1][7][5] Elevations average around 54 metres above sea level, reflecting the low-relief landscape of the region.[8]Climate and Environment
Quispamsis experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, snowy winters, warm summers, and significant precipitation throughout the year, moderated by its location in the Kennebecasis Valley near the Bay of Fundy.[9] The annual mean temperature averages around 6–7°C, with January highs near -1°C and lows around -9°C, while July and August highs reach 22°C and lows 14°C; extremes can drop to -20°C in winter or exceed 30°C in summer.[10] Average annual precipitation totals approximately 1,200 mm, including about 200 cm of snowfall, distributed fairly evenly but with peaks in fall and winter due to Atlantic storms.[11] The local environment features riverine and coastal ecosystems, including the Kennebecasis River and Hammond River, which support wetlands, forests, and beaches such as Meenan's Cove and Gondola Point.[12] Recreational areas like the Millennium Cycle Bike Park and community gardens enhance green space access, while natural biodiversity aligns with New Brunswick's Acadian forest and coastal habitats.[13] Recent assessments have identified challenges, including sedimentation and nutrient loading in Ritchie Lake, contributing to water quality degradation from urban runoff and development.[14] Municipal efforts address environmental resilience through initiatives like tree planting programs, solar street lighting pilots, and wind-solar resource mapping funded by provincial grants.[15] Quispamsis participates in federal and provincial climate programs, including a dedicated Climate Change Adaptation Plan developed with the New Brunswick Climate Change Secretariat, focusing on flood mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainable land use amid rising risks from sea-level rise and extreme weather.[16][17]History
Indigenous and Early European Settlement
The territory encompassing present-day Quispamsis was originally inhabited by the Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) people, members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, who utilized the Kennebecasis and Hammond Rivers as primary travel and resource routes.[2] These Indigenous groups, sometimes historically referred to as the Etchemin in early European accounts, maintained seasonal encampments and relied on the region's waterways, forests, and lakes for sustenance prior to sustained European contact.[2] [18] The name "Quispamsis" derives from the Maliseet term "Quispem Sis" or similar variants, translating to "little lake," in reference to Ritchie Lake within the town's boundaries.[2] [19] European interest in the area emerged during the colonial era, with lands linked to Quebec seigniories from the 1500s to early 1700s under French administration. In 1689, Pierre Chesnet, Sieur de Breuil, received a grant for territory south of the Kennebecasis River, extending from Meenan's Cove to Hampton.[2] A subsequent grant in 1695 went to Sieur de Plenne for adjacent lands westward, encompassing much of modern Quispamsis, though these were primarily seigneurial claims rather than populated settlements.[2] Substantive European settlement commenced after the Seven Years' War in 1763, as British control solidified, but accelerated with the arrival of United Empire Loyalists in 1783 following the American Revolution.[2] These refugees received land grants in the Kennebecasis Valley, establishing farms and communities that formed the basis of early permanent European presence; pre-Loyalist British settlers and displaced Acadians had occupied scattered sites earlier, but Loyalist influx markedly increased population density.[2] Notable early structures include Stoneycroft, a Loyalist-era building along Hampton Road that functioned as the "Twelve Mile House," a waypoint for travelers between Saint John and the Bay of Fundy.[19] [20]Modern Development and Amalgamation
Quispamsis was incorporated as a village in 1966 amid increasing residential settlement along the Kennebecasis River.[21] By 1982, sustained population expansion led to its elevation to town status, reflecting its emergence as a key suburban hub in Kings County.[19] The town's boundaries expanded significantly through amalgamation effective January 1, 1998, when it merged with the adjacent Village of Gondola Point and portions of the former Local Service District of Wells, enlarging its area to 57.21 km².[2] This consolidation integrated diverse waterfront and inland communities, enhancing administrative efficiency and service delivery for a growing commuter base oriented toward Saint John, approximately 20 km away.[19] Post-amalgamation, Quispamsis has undergone rapid suburbanization, shifting from a predominantly rural and seasonal enclave to a residential-oriented municipality with commercial corridors along Route 1. Population growth accelerated, rising 17.4% from 15,239 in 2006 to 17,886 in 2011, driven by affordable housing and proximity to urban employment centers.[22] By the 2021 census, the population reached 18,768, with inter-censal growth rates between 2011–2016 and 2016–2021 ranking among the highest in the Greater Saint John region, fueled by in-migration and low-density housing developments.[23] Recent urban initiatives address this expansion, including a 2024 housing action strategy to accommodate demographic shifts toward smaller households and aging residents, alongside infrastructure upgrades such as $1.4 million in federal funding allocated in 2025 for streets, wastewater, and water systems.[23][24] In 2019, municipal leaders surveyed residents on potential amalgamation with neighboring Rothesay to manage shared growth pressures, though no merger proceeded.[25] These efforts underscore Quispamsis's evolution into a stable, low-density suburb with a population density of 329 persons per km² as of 2021.[26]Government and Politics
Municipal Administration
Quispamsis operates under a council-manager form of municipal government, with policy decisions made by an elected town council and day-to-day administration handled by a chief administrative officer (CAO).[27] The council consists of eight members elected at large for four-year terms: one mayor, one deputy mayor, and six councillors.[28] Municipal elections occur every four years, with the most recent held on May 10, 2021.[29] Libby O'Hara has served as mayor since 2021, having previously acted as deputy mayor for nine years; she won the 2021 mayoral election with 3,790 votes, capturing 84% of the total.[29] [30] The council includes Deputy Mayor Mary Schryer and Councillors Emil Olsen, Kerrie Luck, Kirk Miller, Mike Biggar, Beth Thompson, and Noah Donovan, as reflected in ongoing town activities through 2025.[31] [32] Council meetings are held regularly at Town Hall, located at 12 Landing Court, with agendas posted online and public participation opportunities available via pre-submitted requests.[28] Administrative leadership is provided by CAO Ian Watson, who assumed the role on August 26, 2024, following a selection process by the town council.[33] [34] The CAO oversees municipal operations, including departments for engineering, utilities, recreation, and public services, supported by staff housed at Town Hall, which operates Monday to Friday from 7:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.[27] Contact for municipal services is facilitated through phone at (506) 849-5778 or email at [email protected].[27]Provincial Political Role
Quispamsis constitutes a provincial electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, primarily encompassing the town of Quispamsis and adjacent areas in Kings County.[35][36] The district elects a single Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) to represent its constituents in provincial matters, including legislation on education, health care, and economic development.[37] From 2010 to 2024, the riding was held by Progressive Conservative Blaine Higgs, who first won the seat in a by-election on November 15, 2010, and was re-elected in the general elections of 2014, 2018, and 2020.[38] Higgs's tenure elevated the district's profile, as he led the Progressive Conservative Party to form government in 2018 and served as the 34th Premier of New Brunswick until 2024, focusing on fiscal restraint, energy policy reforms, and infrastructure investments.[38][39] In the October 21, 2024, provincial election, Liberal Aaron Kennedy defeated Higgs by 193 votes, securing 52.2% of the popular vote in the riding and flipping the seat to the Liberals.[40][39] Kennedy, a former municipal administrator, now serves as MLA for Quispamsis and holds cabinet positions as Minister of Local Government and minister responsible for Service New Brunswick, influencing policies on municipal funding and provincial administrative services.[41] This outcome contributed to the Liberal Party's majority victory, forming the 61st Legislative Assembly with 31 seats.[42][37] The district's competitive nature, evidenced by narrow margins in recent contests, underscores its strategic importance in provincial elections, often serving as a bellwether for broader conservative-leaning suburban sentiments in southern New Brunswick.[39][35]Demographics
Population Dynamics
The population of Quispamsis stood at 18,768 according to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada.[3] This marked an increase of 523 residents from the 18,245 recorded in the 2016 census, yielding a total growth of 2.9% over the intervening five years.[3] The corresponding average annual growth rate was approximately 0.57%, reflecting modest expansion consistent with suburban patterns near larger urban centers like Saint John.[43] This period aligned with broader trends in New Brunswick, where population increases have increasingly relied on net international migration amid declining natural increase due to low fertility rates.[44] For Quispamsis specifically, official municipal assessments describe steady growth over the prior two decades, though at a decelerating pace as evidenced by successive census figures.[23] The 2021 census enumerated 6,985 total private dwellings in the town, with 6,855 occupied by usual residents, indicating high occupancy rates supportive of sustained but not explosive demographic pressure.[3] Quispamsis forms part of the larger Quispamsis-Rothesay population centre, which grew from 24,549 residents in 2016 to 24,881 in 2021—a 1.4% rise—highlighting slightly tempered dynamics when accounting for adjacent areas.[45] Regional data for the Saint John area, encompassing Quispamsis, point to accelerated growth in southeast New Brunswick, reaching 138,985 by recent estimates, driven primarily by inbound migration to established communities.[46] These patterns underscore Quispamsis's role as a stable commuter suburb, with population dynamics influenced more by selective in-migration than rapid urbanization or natural expansion.Socioeconomic Characteristics
In Quispamsis, the median total household income in 2020 stood at $113,000, exceeding the provincial median for New Brunswick.[47] Average total household income reached $133,000 in the same year, with average after-tax income at $105,900, reflecting a relatively affluent resident base supported by suburban proximity to employment hubs in nearby Saint John.[26] Educational attainment levels surpass provincial averages, with only 9.8% of residents holding no certificate, diploma, or degree, compared to 18.9% across New Brunswick.[47][48] Approximately 25.4% possess a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest qualification.[47] Post-secondary completion rates are elevated, contributing to skilled workforce participation in professional and technical sectors.[49] The labour force totals around 9,800 individuals aged 15 and over, with a participation rate of 66.4% and an employment rate of 61.7% as of the 2021 census.[26] The unemployment rate measures 7.2%, lower than contemporaneous provincial figures amid post-pandemic recovery.[26][49] Child poverty stands at 7.0%, among the lowest in the region, indicating limited socioeconomic distress relative to urban centers like Saint John.[50]Economy
Key Sectors and Employment
The economy of Quispamsis is characterized by a predominantly service-based employment structure, reflecting its role as a suburban community within the Greater Saint John region, where many residents commute for work. In the 2021 Census, the town's employed labour force totaled 9,290 individuals aged 15 and over, with an employment rate of 61.7% and an unemployment rate of 7.1%.[51] Services-producing industries accounted for the majority of jobs, while goods-producing sectors represented a smaller but notable share, including manufacturing and construction. Health care and social assistance emerged as the largest sector, employing 17% of the workforce in 2021, up from 15.4% in 2016, driven by regional demand for medical and support services. Retail trade followed at 13.1% (from 11.2% in 2016), underscoring the importance of consumer-oriented commerce in the local economy. Public administration (7.8%) and educational services (7.7%) also featured prominently, aligning with government and institutional employment in New Brunswick's public sector.[52]| Major Industry Sectors (2021) | Percentage of Employed Labour Force |
|---|---|
| Health care and social assistance | 17.0% |
| Retail trade | 13.1% |
| Manufacturing | 8.7% |
| Public administration | 7.8% |
| Educational services | 7.7% |
| Professional, scientific and technical services | 7.5% |
| Construction | 5.4% |