Ruscism (/ˈrʌʃɪzəm/ RUSH-iz-əm), also Rashism or Russism and also called Russian fascism, is a neologism and a derogatory term which is used to describe the political ideology and policies of the Russian state under Vladimir Putin. It is used in reference to the Russian state's autocratic political system, ultranationalism and neo-imperialism, militarism, expansionism, corporatism, possibly neofascism, close alignment of church and state, political repression, use of censorship and state propaganda, the justification for several wars in the 21st century, and a cult of personality around Putin.

Ruscism is described as based on the imperialist ideas of so-called "Russian world" and "special civilizational mission" of the Russians, such as Moscow as the third Rome, which manifests itself in anti-Westernism and supports regaining former lands by conquest. Ukrainian officials and media often use 'Rashist' to broadly refer to members and backers of the Russian Armed Forces.

The current usage of the term originated in 1995 during the First Chechen War, but it became more prevalent after the Russo-Georgian and Russo-Ukrainian wars, and it became especially prevalent during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

"Ruscism," "Rashism," and "Russism" are portmanteaus combining 'Russia' and 'fascism'. They transliterate the term, reflecting English, Ukrainian, and Russian pronunciations.

The term, in the form Russism (Russian: русизм, romanized: rusizm), was popularized, described and extensively used in 1995 by President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Dzhokhar Dudayev, who saw the military action by Russia in Chechnya as a manifestation of the rising ideology. According to Dudayev, Ruscism is:

a variety of hatred ideology which is based on Great Russian chauvinism, spiritlessness and immorality. It differs from other forms of fascism, racism, and nationalism by a more extreme cruelty, both to man and to nature. It is based on the destruction of everything and everyone, the tactics of scorched earth. Ruscism is a schizophrenic variety of the world domination complex. This is a distinct version of slave psychology, it grows like a parasite on the fabricated history, occupied territories and oppressed peoples.

The term was later used by the next president of the Chechen Republic, Aslan Maskhadov who considered Ruscism a variety of fascism, but more dangerous than fascism and existing during the last 200 years. The Chechen news website Kavkaz Center featured a regular column titled "Russism", in which around 150 articles were published between 2003 and 2016.

The term Ruscism/Rashism (Russian: рашизм, romanized: rashizm, Ukrainian: рашизм, romanized: rashyzm) became increasingly common in Ukrainian media after the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimean peninsula by the Russian Federation, the downing of a Boeing 777 near Donetsk on 17 July 2014, and the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014. It appears in the Russian-language song "That's, Baby, Ruscism! (Orthodox Fascism!)" by Ukrainian composer and singer-songwriter Borys Sevastianov.