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Rasulid dynasty
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Rasulid dynasty
The Rasulid dynasty or Rasulids (Arabic: بنو رسول, romanized: Banū Rasūl) were a Sunni Yemeni dynasty who ruled Yemen from 1229 to 1454. Generally seen as Oghuz Turkic in origin, their chronicles claimed Arab Ghassanid descent.
Most modern scholars consider them as Oghuz Turks (Turkomans). Scholars like Roxani Eleni Margariti, Peter B. Golden, G.R. Smith, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Nile Green refer to the Rasulid dynasty as being of Turkic origin. These works also acknowledge that the dynasty itself claimed Ghassanid Arab descent. Including Jane Hatheway who details that they professed Ghassanid descent.
The Encyclopedia of Islam concludes that, in all likelihood, the Rasulid dynasty was originally of Oghuz Turkic origin and writes: "The Rasulids take their name from a messenger under the Abbasids, Muhammad bin Harun, who was nicknamed "Rasul" (meaning "messenger"). Some historians and genealogists that served the Rasulid dynasty claimed an Arab origin for the family and pressed a Ghassanid descent for the family, a branch of the Azd. These same medieval historians and genealogists wrote that a distant ancestor of the Rasulid dynasty, who lived in the time of the Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) converted to Christianity and went to live in Byzantine territory. The children of his purported ancestor then migrated to the lands of the Turkomans where they settled among the highest of the Turkoman tribes, the "Mandjik". it is probable that the Oghuz Turkic "Mendjik" tribe is meant. In the lands of the Turkomans these children of the Rasulid ancestor "lost their Arab identity entirely and intermarried with the Turkomans and spoke their language". It was only about the time of Muhammad ibn Harun himself that the family moved to Iraq and from there to Syria and, finally, to Egypt. There, they were notified by the ruling Ayyubid dynasty. In all likelihood, the Rasulid dynasty was originally of Mendjik i.e. Oghuz Turkic origin".
The historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth also states the Ghassanid ancestry to be concocted and their ancestors to be Oghuz Turks that had participated in the Seljuk invasion of the Middle East. The Turkologist Peter B. Golden also suggests a Turkic origin:
Although a suitable Arab genealogy was created for them, the Sunni Rasulid house (1228-1454) appears to have stemmed from an Oḡuz Turkic clan, the Menjik (Menčik), a personal name also found among the Mamluks.
The historian Nile Green refers to the Rasulid dynasty as being of Turkic origin as well. The historian Irfan Shahid, however, rejects the Oghuz theory by explaining that they've lived amongst the Turkish tribes but were in fact, from Ghassanid Arab origin.
Originally a general of the Oghuz Zengid dynasty, Saladin, a Kurd, founded the Ayyubid dynasty. After the foundation of a separate dominion over Egypt, the Ayyubid army was still generally composed of Oghuz and Kipchak troops and mercenaries. After having the control over most of Levant, the Kurdish Ayyubids had held power also in most of Yemen since deposing the Zurayids 1173. The last of the line, al-Malik al-Mas'ud, left Yemen for Bilad al-Sham in 1229 and entrusted governance to an ambitious member of his own mercenary force. This was Umar ibn Ali who nominally acknowledged the Ayyubids of Egypt during his first years in power. However, he proclaimed himself ruler in his own right in 1235 after receiving a diploma of recognition from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir I. As sultan he was called al-Malik al-Mansur I. The regime was in a certain sense a direct continuation of Ayyubid rule, with power based on the control of military forces and Abbasid approval, rather than acquiescence from the local population.[citation needed] The coastal capital was established in Zabid. However, al-Malik al-Mansur fell victim to internal intrigues in 1249 when his own guards assassinated him at the instigation of his ambitious nephew Shirkuh.
The throne was taken over by his son al-Malik al-Muzaffar Yusuf I (1249–1295), under whom the Yemeni kingdom reached its apogee. The new sultan confirmed Rasulid rule over the Tihamah lowland and the southern highlands. Sanaa, one of the traditional centres of the Zaydi imams, was temporarily occupied, and the imams were defeated on several occasions. The cool mountainous city Taiz became the base of the dynasty together with Zabid. After the 1258 fall of Baghdad to the Mongols, al-Malik al-Muzaffar Yusuf appropriated the title of caliph.[citation needed] Yusuf died in 1295, having reigned for 46 years. When the news of his death reached the Zaydi imam Al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya, he commented:
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Rasulid dynasty
The Rasulid dynasty or Rasulids (Arabic: بنو رسول, romanized: Banū Rasūl) were a Sunni Yemeni dynasty who ruled Yemen from 1229 to 1454. Generally seen as Oghuz Turkic in origin, their chronicles claimed Arab Ghassanid descent.
Most modern scholars consider them as Oghuz Turks (Turkomans). Scholars like Roxani Eleni Margariti, Peter B. Golden, G.R. Smith, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Nile Green refer to the Rasulid dynasty as being of Turkic origin. These works also acknowledge that the dynasty itself claimed Ghassanid Arab descent. Including Jane Hatheway who details that they professed Ghassanid descent.
The Encyclopedia of Islam concludes that, in all likelihood, the Rasulid dynasty was originally of Oghuz Turkic origin and writes: "The Rasulids take their name from a messenger under the Abbasids, Muhammad bin Harun, who was nicknamed "Rasul" (meaning "messenger"). Some historians and genealogists that served the Rasulid dynasty claimed an Arab origin for the family and pressed a Ghassanid descent for the family, a branch of the Azd. These same medieval historians and genealogists wrote that a distant ancestor of the Rasulid dynasty, who lived in the time of the Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) converted to Christianity and went to live in Byzantine territory. The children of his purported ancestor then migrated to the lands of the Turkomans where they settled among the highest of the Turkoman tribes, the "Mandjik". it is probable that the Oghuz Turkic "Mendjik" tribe is meant. In the lands of the Turkomans these children of the Rasulid ancestor "lost their Arab identity entirely and intermarried with the Turkomans and spoke their language". It was only about the time of Muhammad ibn Harun himself that the family moved to Iraq and from there to Syria and, finally, to Egypt. There, they were notified by the ruling Ayyubid dynasty. In all likelihood, the Rasulid dynasty was originally of Mendjik i.e. Oghuz Turkic origin".
The historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth also states the Ghassanid ancestry to be concocted and their ancestors to be Oghuz Turks that had participated in the Seljuk invasion of the Middle East. The Turkologist Peter B. Golden also suggests a Turkic origin:
Although a suitable Arab genealogy was created for them, the Sunni Rasulid house (1228-1454) appears to have stemmed from an Oḡuz Turkic clan, the Menjik (Menčik), a personal name also found among the Mamluks.
The historian Nile Green refers to the Rasulid dynasty as being of Turkic origin as well. The historian Irfan Shahid, however, rejects the Oghuz theory by explaining that they've lived amongst the Turkish tribes but were in fact, from Ghassanid Arab origin.
Originally a general of the Oghuz Zengid dynasty, Saladin, a Kurd, founded the Ayyubid dynasty. After the foundation of a separate dominion over Egypt, the Ayyubid army was still generally composed of Oghuz and Kipchak troops and mercenaries. After having the control over most of Levant, the Kurdish Ayyubids had held power also in most of Yemen since deposing the Zurayids 1173. The last of the line, al-Malik al-Mas'ud, left Yemen for Bilad al-Sham in 1229 and entrusted governance to an ambitious member of his own mercenary force. This was Umar ibn Ali who nominally acknowledged the Ayyubids of Egypt during his first years in power. However, he proclaimed himself ruler in his own right in 1235 after receiving a diploma of recognition from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir I. As sultan he was called al-Malik al-Mansur I. The regime was in a certain sense a direct continuation of Ayyubid rule, with power based on the control of military forces and Abbasid approval, rather than acquiescence from the local population.[citation needed] The coastal capital was established in Zabid. However, al-Malik al-Mansur fell victim to internal intrigues in 1249 when his own guards assassinated him at the instigation of his ambitious nephew Shirkuh.
The throne was taken over by his son al-Malik al-Muzaffar Yusuf I (1249–1295), under whom the Yemeni kingdom reached its apogee. The new sultan confirmed Rasulid rule over the Tihamah lowland and the southern highlands. Sanaa, one of the traditional centres of the Zaydi imams, was temporarily occupied, and the imams were defeated on several occasions. The cool mountainous city Taiz became the base of the dynasty together with Zabid. After the 1258 fall of Baghdad to the Mongols, al-Malik al-Muzaffar Yusuf appropriated the title of caliph.[citation needed] Yusuf died in 1295, having reigned for 46 years. When the news of his death reached the Zaydi imam Al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya, he commented:
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