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Reid Bryson
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Reid Bryson
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Reid Bryson (June 7, 1920 – June 11, 2008)[1] was an American atmospheric scientist, geologist and meteorologist. He was a professor emeritus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He completed a B.A. in geology at Denison University in 1941 and a Ph.D. in meteorology from the University of Chicago in 1948. In 1946 he joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and in 1948 he became the founder and first chairman of the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Department of Meteorology and Center for Climatic Research. He was the first director of the Institute for Environmental Studies (now the Nelson Institute) in 1970.[2][3]

Key Information

In 1944, during World War II, he was one of the few meteorologists who accurately identified Typhoon Cobra, which savaged Halsey's Third Fleet.

Bryson was made a Global Laureate by the United Nations Global Environment Program in 1990.[4]

Views

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Bryson's main contribution to the debate on climate change was the idea of "the human volcano" causing global cooling, via an increase in aerosol loading.[5] This idea was sparked in 1962 by his own observation, while flying across India en route to a conference, that his view of the ground was blocked not by clouds but by dust. At the time, the instrumental temperature record did not show unambiguous warming and the view that the earth might be cooling, and heading for further cooling, was not unreasonable. Others, including Hubert Lamb, who created a Dust Veil Index,[6] thought volcanoes were more responsible for global-scale aerosol.[7]

In 1973, Bryson testified to Congress that global warming from fossil-fuel combustion was politically unstoppable.

There is no way right now that we can control the climate to make it more benign. Even if we were to say "let us stop using fossil fuels so that we do not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, because that impacts the world climate," how on earth could you stop using fossil fuels? Even those countries that are most heavily impacted by the climatic change are the ones who say it is our turn to be affluent and it is in the use of fossil fuels that one gains affluence.[8]

In later years, when it was clear that the climate was indeed warming, Bryson argued that while climate change and a global increase in temperature are real, he did not believe that they are caused by human activity. Rather, he argued that they are part of natural global climate cycles, particularly the end of the Little Ice Age:

"All this argument is the temperature going up or not, it’s absurd," Bryson continues. "Of course it’s going up. It has gone up since the early 1800s, before the Industrial Revolution, because we’re coming out of the Little Ice Age, not because we’re putting more carbon dioxide into the air."[9]

Selected publications

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Bryson wrote more than 230 articles and five books, including Climates of Hunger, which won the Banta Medal for Literary Achievement.[10]

Books

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  • R. A. Bryson, Airmasses, Streamlines, and the Boreal Forest 1966: Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Geography Branch
  • Bryson, R.A.; Hare, F.K. (1974). Climates of North America. World Survey of Climatology. Vol. 11. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444410627. OCLC 853026734.
  • Bryson, Reid A.; Murray, Thomas J. (1977). Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World's Changing Weather. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-07373-2.

Selected articles

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Reid Bryson

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Reid Bryson was an American climatologist, meteorologist, and geologist known for his pioneering role in modern climatology and his interdisciplinary research connecting climate with human cultures, environments, and historical changes. Born on June 7, 1920, in Detroit, Michigan, he earned a bachelor's degree in geology from Denison University in 1941 and a doctorate in meteorology from the University of Chicago in 1948. During World War II, he served as a major in the U.S. Army Air Corps Weather Service, making accurate high-altitude wind forecasts for B-29 bombing missions over Japan. Bryson joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1946 and founded its Department of Meteorology in 1948, serving as its first chair. He established the Center for Climatic Research in 1963 and was the founding director of the Institute for Environmental Studies (now the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies) from 1970 to 1985. His work advanced the use of early computer models to analyze causes of past climate change and integrated paleoclimatic data from tree rings and fossil pollen to reconstruct historical climates. A leader in interdisciplinary climate science decades before it became common, Bryson conducted field studies on every continent and applied climatological insights to cultural changes among Great Plains Indigenous peoples and environmental challenges in India, including land-use recommendations to combat overgrazing. He authored numerous publications across meteorology, geography, archaeology, and related fields, and his legacy includes the establishment of foundational programs that continue to shape research on climate-biosphere and climate-society interactions. Bryson died on June 11, 2008, in Madison, Wisconsin.

Early life and education

Birth and family background

Reid Allen Bryson was born on June 7, 1920, in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were both from farming families, and he had Native American ancestry through his lineage; his father had secured a job in Detroit, leading to Bryson's birth there.

Academic training

Reid Bryson earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in geology from Denison University in 1941. He subsequently pursued graduate studies in meteorology at the University of Chicago, completing his Ph.D. in that field in 1948. This educational trajectory reflects an interdisciplinary transition from geology to meteorology, which later informed his pioneering work in climatology. His doctoral research at Chicago was supervised by noted meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Rossby.

Military service

World War II meteorological forecasting

During World War II, Reid Bryson served as a major in the Weather Service of the U.S. Army Air Corps. From Guam, he provided high-altitude meteorological forecasts for B-29 Superfortress crews undertaking the initial bombing missions over Tokyo. Collaborating with colleague William Plumley, Bryson predicted winds of 168 knots at altitudes between 30,000 and 35,000 feet, an estimate initially dismissed by the commanding general as implausible given limited prior experience at such heights. The forecast proved accurate, resulting in mission failure due to the extreme conditions, after which the commanding officer issued an apology. These measurements represented some of the earliest documented observations of what would later be recognized as the jet stream. Bryson also played a role in forecasting Typhoon Cobra, which struck the U.S. Third Fleet in December 1944. Operating from a U.S. Army Air Force forecast center on Saipan, he helped coordinate a reconnaissance flight that identified the typhoon moving toward Admiral William Halsey's fleet, with estimated winds of 140 knots. Bryson transmitted these findings via teletype to the Navy’s Fleet Weather Center in Pearl Harbor, but Navy forecasters rejected the report as unreliable and did not relay it to the fleet. Consequently, the fleet proceeded into the storm's path, suffering major losses: three destroyers (USS Hull, USS Monaghan, and USS Spence) capsized and sank, 790 sailors perished, and 146 aircraft were wrecked or blown overboard, with additional warships sustaining damage requiring repairs. The failure to heed his accurate assessment left a strong and lasting impression on Bryson, fostering his enduring skepticism toward unquestioned consensus in scientific and operational decision-making.

Academic career

Faculty positions at University of Wisconsin-Madison

Reid Bryson joined the University of Wisconsin-Madison faculty in 1946 as a member of the Department of Geology. He later transitioned to the Department of Meteorology, where he served as a professor and contributed to its development. Bryson collaborated closely with Verner Suomi, a fellow faculty member, to build the department's reputation as a prominent center for meteorological research and education.

Founding of departments and centers

Reid Bryson founded the Department of Meteorology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1948, serving as its first chairman and its first faculty member. The department, which later became known as the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, represented the establishment of formal meteorological education and research at the university. In 1963, Bryson founded the Center for Climatic Research to promote interdisciplinary studies in climatology. Bryson was instrumental in establishing the Institute for Environmental Studies in 1970, now known as the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, and he served as its first director from 1970 to 1985. These institutions underscored his vision for integrated approaches to atmospheric, climatic, and environmental sciences at the university.

Research contributions

Interdisciplinary approaches to climatology

Reid Bryson pioneered interdisciplinary approaches to climatology by integrating archaeology, geography, geology, limnology, and atmospheric science to examine climate's interactions with the biosphere and human societies. He conducted extensive fieldwork on every continent, enabling a global perspective on climate patterns and their broader implications. Bryson employed paleoclimate proxies such as ancient tree rings and fossil pollen to reconstruct past environmental conditions, including evidence that arid regions of India were once significantly wetter. He was among the first to develop simple computer models for studying causes of past climate change, comparing simulations with proxy data and records of human cultural shifts to isolate factors like volcanic eruptions and Earth's axial wobble. His research emphasized climate-biosphere-human society linkages, leading to practical applications such as land-use recommendations to reduce overgrazing and landscape drying in affected areas. In retirement, Bryson traveled the Silk Road, underscoring his enduring interest in climate's role in shaping human history and cultures.

Key publications and theories

Reid Bryson was a prolific author who wrote more than 230 articles and five books on topics in climatology and related disciplines. His notable books include Climates of North America, co-authored with F. Kenneth Hare and published in 1974 as part of the World Survey of Climatology series. Another key work is Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World's Changing Weather, co-authored with Thomas J. Murray and published in 1977, which received the Banta Medal. Bryson's influential articles encompass "Air masses, streamlines, and the boreal forest" (1966), "A Perspective on Climatic Change" in Science (1974), and "Volcanic Activity and Climatic Changes" in Science (1980). These selected publications represent some of his major contributions to the field.

Perspectives on climate change

Aerosol pollution and global cooling theories

Reid Bryson advanced theories in the 1960s and 1970s that anthropogenic aerosols from pollution were driving global cooling by increasing atmospheric turbidity and reflecting solar radiation. His ideas centered on the concept of a "human volcano," in which industrial emissions and particulates acted analogously to volcanic eruptions, injecting aerosols that caused hemispheric or global temperature declines. A pivotal influence on these views came from Bryson's 1962 flight over northern India, where dense haze obscured the ground from 17,000 feet, appearing as a brownish layer extending to the horizon in all directions and convincing him of widespread anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. In October 1973, Bryson testified before a U.S. Senate subcommittee on climate issues, emphasizing the political and practical impossibility of halting fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions, rhetorically asking how one could realistically stop their use given societal dependence. This testimony reflected his contemporary concern that aerosol-induced cooling might outweigh CO₂-driven warming amid ongoing industrial emissions. Bryson's aerosol-focused perspective represented his primary position during this period, though he later shifted emphasis toward natural climatic variability.

Views on natural variability and anthropogenic warming

In his later years, Bryson placed greater emphasis on natural climatic cycles as the primary driver of temperature changes, arguing that much of the observed warming in the 20th century represented a recovery from the Little Ice Age, which ended around the early 1800s. This perspective marked a shift from his earlier work on aerosol influences, as he increasingly viewed anthropogenic carbon dioxide contributions as negligible in comparison to long-term natural variability. Bryson expressed strong skepticism toward claims of dominant human influence on recent warming trends. In a 2007 interview, he described the debate over whether temperatures are rising as "absurd," stating "of course it’s going up" since the early 1800s due to recovery from the Little Ice Age, not because of increased carbon dioxide. He stated that the effect of doubling CO₂ is extremely small, comparable to going outside and spitting. He maintained that natural processes accounted for the vast majority of observed changes. Bryson's later skepticism toward dominant anthropogenic influence was a minority and controversial position within the scientific community. In recognition of his contributions to environmental science, Bryson was named a Global Laureate by the United Nations Environment Programme in 1990. His later views reflected a consistent focus on empirical climate history over emerging anthropogenic models, underscoring his commitment to interpreting data within the broadest possible temporal framework.

Personal life

Family and retirement activities

Reid Bryson was married to Frances Bryson for 56 years. He was survived by his wife and their four children. Following his retirement from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bryson traveled the famed Silk Road to pursue his deep interests in history and human cultures. These journeys reflected his continued engagement with interdisciplinary topics beyond climatology, including ancient civilizations and cultural developments.

Death and legacy

Passing

Reid Bryson died in his sleep on June 11, 2008, at his home in Madison, Wisconsin, at the age of 88. The University of Wisconsin–Madison announced his passing, recognizing him as a foundational figure in modern climatology who had shaped the institution's meteorology and related programs over decades.

Honors and influence

Reid Bryson was named a Global Laureate by the United Nations Environment Programme in 1990 as part of its Global 500 Roll of Honour, in recognition of his contributions to environmental science and public awareness of climate issues. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Climatic Research established the Reid Bryson Scholarship to honor his enduring legacy as the center's founder and first director, providing support for undergraduate and graduate students pursuing research in environmental studies and climatology. Bryson is widely regarded as a pioneer of modern climatology and an influential interdisciplinary leader who advanced the understanding of climate's interactions with human culture and society. He is remembered as a founding figure in the field who helped synthesize diverse scientific perspectives and bring climate science to broader public attention. His influence extended to occasional media appearances, including a role as himself in the 2008 documentary The Jet Stream and Us, which explored atmospheric phenomena and their implications.

References

  1. https://news.wisc.edu/pioneer-of-climatology-dies-at-88/
  2. https://ccr.nelson.wisc.edu/bryson-scholarship/about-reid-bryson/
  3. https://alumni.denison.edu/citations/reid-a-bryson/
  4. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/72173
  5. https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.744
  6. https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane_blog/70th-anniversary-of-halseys-encounter-with-typhoon-cobra/
  7. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/typhoon-cobra-halsey-versus-mother-nature
  8. https://books.google.com/books/about/Climates_of_North_America.html?id=gTZRAAAAMAAJ
  9. https://archive.org/details/climatesofnortha0011unse
  10. https://www.amazon.com/Climates-Hunger-Reid-Bryson/dp/0299073742
  11. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/19/monograph/book/8475
  12. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.184.4138.753
  13. https://history.aip.org/climate/aerosol.htm
  14. https://alchetron.com/Reid-Bryson
  15. https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c19/E1-05-06-12.pdf
  16. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B2C3C7C560CCDD15906996729D39AB9/S037689290000970Xa.pdf/environmental_opportunities_and_limits_for_development.pdf
  17. https://allouryesterdays.info/2022/10/17/october-18-1973-how-on-earth-do-you-stop-using-fossil-fuels/
  18. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/bryson-synthesis-the-forging-of-climate-change-narratives-during-the-world-food-crisis/B8AEFC18E35AB1D294915A12E6E90678
  19. https://globalwarminghoax.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/the-faithful-heretic/
  20. https://www.cressfuneralservice.com/obituaries/frances-bryson
  21. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/outcrop/08/08_pdfs/18-23.pdf
  22. https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/globalwarming/chpt/bryson-reid-1920
  23. https://ccr.nelson.wisc.edu/bryson-scholarship/
  24. https://nelson.wisc.edu/undergraduate/scholarships/
  25. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1189054/
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