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Repayment plan

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Repayment plan

In finance, a repayment plan is a structured repaying of funds that have been loaned to an individual, business or government over either a standard or extended period of time, typically alongside a payment of interest. Repayment plans are prominent within the financial industry of a national economy where liquid funds are in high demand to assist in investment opportunities, governmental expenditure or personal finance. The term first saw prominence with its use by the International Monetary Fund to describe its form of financial loan repayment from individual nations. Typically, the term "repayment plan" refers to the system of Federal Student Aid in the United States of America, which assists in covering tertiary education expenses of domestic students.

Repayment plans have historically existed within the economies of the developed world where the financial markets are more established and have expanded over a longer period of time. During the expansion of the global economies during the 20th Century, the case for greater regulation and development of finances had grown substantially, with global debt increasing as nations invested domestically and internationally to fuel their own economic growth. Borrowed funds from both foreign governments and international financial institutions aided the growth of availability for liquid funds for world governments, while domestically, consumers saw lower interest rates, simultaneously making the attraction of loans more enticing. Repayment plans are thus often referred to as loan repayment or debt financing strategies.

Historically, the International Monetary Fund acted as the principal international credit body and has existed since 1945. It primarily operates as a credit organisation with a long-term goal of facilitating greater international financial stability between 189 countries globally
One of the functions of the International Monetary Fund is distributing loans to countries in financial crises while simultaneously aiming to improve general economic conditions globally. By issuing loans, the International Monetary Fund and the receiving nation agree upon a pre-specified repayment strategy called a 'system of conditionality'. The 'system of conditionality' operates similarly to the financial jargon of 'repayment plan' and refers to a plan cooperatively managed by both the International Monetary Fund and the receiving nation in overcoming the financial hardship which led the nation in seeking IMF assistance. For example, on May 3, 2010, Eurozone countries alongside the IMF announced their intention to enforce a three-year €110bn loan, with a 5.5% interest rate, with a 'system of conditionality' implemented i.e. on a condition that austerity measures would be enacted by the Greek government in accordance with the life of the loan.

Systems of conditionality are not restricted to nations however, and individuals and businesses can also be subjected to conditionality by the financial institution or government body which has approved the loan. After agreeing to all conditions and other aspects of financing a loan, for example approved prior credit history and credit score, repayment plans and loans can be implemented relatively quickly. However, creditors do not always have a regard for individual circumstances which can violate personal financial stability, which can lead to further issues which do not necessarily have to be accounted for by credit providers.

As the means of acquiring finance have increased, so have respective organisations which can assist in managing depleted personal funds and clearing individual debt, including government websites such as the Australian Securities and Investment Commission's MoneySmart website, and through independent creditors.

The collapse of the Greek national economy after the 2008 financial crisis, resulted in political instability, social exclusion and economic 'brain-drain' in Greece. Government policy and reform spanned 12 rounds of tax increases, spending cuts and a number of bailout loans by the International Monetary Fund and the Eurogroup in the years 2010, 2012 and 2015. It became the first developed country to fail to repay an IMF loan on time, following a delay of 20 days in late June 2015. National governmental debt approached €323bn by July 2015, below the OECD average, and since 2009, the debt had grown €18bn, from €300bn to €318bn (a 6% increase overall). Months prior to the implementation of the Second Economic Adjustment Programme, leaders of Eurozone agreed to extend loan repayment periods from 7 years to a minimum of 15 years and to reduce interest rates to 3.5%. These changes succeeded a reduction in Greek primary deficit from €25bn in 2009 to €5bn in 2011. However, conditions of the recession had worsened despite the austerity measured implemented at the time, leading to a 7.1% fall in national GDP and a rise in unemployment from 7.5% in late 2008 to 19.9% in November 2011.

The Third Economic Adjustment Programme implemented from July 2015 to August 2018 was the last of the consolidated austerity programmes implemented by Greece in the attempt to recover from the 2008 financial crisis. An €86 billion loan was provided to Greece over the three-year period and assisted in a final restructure of the Greek economy. It is not considered the last of the 'bailout programs' offered to Greece as the nation continues to receive loans from external creditors such as the IMF and continental banks including the European Investment Bank, Eurogroup and European Central Bank.

Following the election of right-wing political parties in the regional and Euroelections during May 2019, Greek stocks rose by approximately 9.10%. This coincided with greater investor confidence in the Greek economy, which showed positive signs of recovering economic growth and a reduction in national debt. In the same period, Greece intended to repay €3.9bn to the International Monetary Fund earlier than originally agreed upon, however this action has been met with negative criticism by critics and creditors, who cite increased fiscal concerns and new potential sanctions as a result of the election result. The European Stability Mechanism's Board of Directors have praised Greece's ability to meet recent repayment deadlines, claiming that Greece's continuation of economic reforms set by the International Monetary Fund will "boost Greece's growth potential" in the long term but there will be a persistent push for Greece's repayment of all its loans.

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