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Retignano
Retignano is a village of about 400 inhabitants, located on a hill in the historical Versilia region of Tuscany, Italy. The inhabitants are known as the Retignanesi.
It was originally a small settlement that belonged to the Liguri Apuani, a small community from northern Europe. It joined the Roman Empire in 177 BCE and became one of the most flourishing and developed Roman settlements in the Apuan Alps. It was mainly used as a hideout in the event of an imminent attack from the sea, since it was a known stronghold of sighting of the enemies coming from the sea and strategic point of supply of timber, various extractive materials and marble. After a period of independence in the guise of a “little municipality”[citation needed], which lasted several centuries. In 1776 the Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo removed this title from the village, subjecting it to the dominion of Lucca, whose province Retignano is now part of. Retignano returned to prosperity in the second half of the nineteenth century thanks to the opening of the marble quarries, mining sites of the bardiglio fiorito, appreciated especially by the English who financed the project. Between the two world wars, the village experienced rapid depopulation caused by emigration to large cities or to foreign countries, particularly North America or Argentina. After being besieged by the Germans and exploited for its enviable position, it was reclaimed by the American soldiers who placed one of their main bases during the advancement phase at the Gothic Line.
The origins of the village date back to the twenty years between 560 and 580 CE, in which the militias of Rome fought against the Ligurian Apuans, a population of the Apuan Alps. It is believed that even then there was a small group of huts surrounded by many fields, some of which were shared with the nearby settlements of Terrinca and Levigliani, where they have found traces of this population. Retignano shared a small necropolis with Levigliani.
For many centuries the Ligurian Apuans fought against the Romans to keep their possessions in Versilia. Most of the time they suffered heavy defeats because they were not have advanced weaponry. However, historians believe that not all of them were deported in southern Italy during the period from 177 to 155 BCE, probably because Rome was more interested in restraining these nomads away from the coast and the valley of Magra river, since they were considered property of the Romans, and the Apuans were only deemed as a threat to safety of the port of Luni and its trading importance.
The Ligurian Apuans, or simply Apuans, were a population divided into various tribes, called Nomens (names) by Roman historians; one of them settled between the mountains of Mont'Alto, where they lived a semi-nomadic life and used the area of Retignano as a settlement from spring until early winter. In more sheltered areas and clearings like Gordici and Valimoni, about 700 meters above the sea level, there were the remains of smaller settlements called by the Apuans luki (which became loci in Latin). In case of war, they always had access to a fortified summit from which they could see the horizon, and could warn their compatriots of the enemy's arrival. For Retignano, this summit coincides with the top of the mountain Castello (lit. 'castle'), whose etymology probably is to relate with this habit. It is believed that they were the Vasates, inhabitants of Basati, a place in front of Retignano.
After their defeat in 6th century CE, the Ligurian Apuans were deported or expelled from Versilia. Their domains in Retignano, Levigliani and Seravezza were divided into colonies first, with Luni as the main center for Seravezza and Querceta, and Lucca for the mountain areas of Stazzema and Pietrasanta. The colonies were then divided into villages, which were built on hills. Each of them became a Roman camp and took its name from its founder or governor. The current name of Retignano comes from the time of Roman rule.
Some research on a document dated (31 August 855 CE) trace the name to Retinio, who was given the Roman district of the country which became Ratiniana, Ratignano, San Pietro di Retignano and finally Retignano (sometimes misspelled Ritignano). The reference to the patron dates back to 700 CE, when Christianity became more widespread throughout the peninsula and Retignano too. The village, which was under the control of Rome, took its same patron (St. Peter). On July 1, 932 CE, the village, called Ratignano as evidenced by certain records of the Archbishop of Lucca, was donated by the Lombard king Lothair to Lucca.
The 18th century began with lots of new opportunities and a new-found economic prosperity that allowed the comunello to keep ruling for a while. In 1712 the popular council's representatives comprised 50 people and it can be considered the first real democratic administration. At the time, there were four masons, six weavers, two insiders mills, a polishing and those who worked in carpentry and sawmills water.
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Retignano
Retignano is a village of about 400 inhabitants, located on a hill in the historical Versilia region of Tuscany, Italy. The inhabitants are known as the Retignanesi.
It was originally a small settlement that belonged to the Liguri Apuani, a small community from northern Europe. It joined the Roman Empire in 177 BCE and became one of the most flourishing and developed Roman settlements in the Apuan Alps. It was mainly used as a hideout in the event of an imminent attack from the sea, since it was a known stronghold of sighting of the enemies coming from the sea and strategic point of supply of timber, various extractive materials and marble. After a period of independence in the guise of a “little municipality”[citation needed], which lasted several centuries. In 1776 the Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo removed this title from the village, subjecting it to the dominion of Lucca, whose province Retignano is now part of. Retignano returned to prosperity in the second half of the nineteenth century thanks to the opening of the marble quarries, mining sites of the bardiglio fiorito, appreciated especially by the English who financed the project. Between the two world wars, the village experienced rapid depopulation caused by emigration to large cities or to foreign countries, particularly North America or Argentina. After being besieged by the Germans and exploited for its enviable position, it was reclaimed by the American soldiers who placed one of their main bases during the advancement phase at the Gothic Line.
The origins of the village date back to the twenty years between 560 and 580 CE, in which the militias of Rome fought against the Ligurian Apuans, a population of the Apuan Alps. It is believed that even then there was a small group of huts surrounded by many fields, some of which were shared with the nearby settlements of Terrinca and Levigliani, where they have found traces of this population. Retignano shared a small necropolis with Levigliani.
For many centuries the Ligurian Apuans fought against the Romans to keep their possessions in Versilia. Most of the time they suffered heavy defeats because they were not have advanced weaponry. However, historians believe that not all of them were deported in southern Italy during the period from 177 to 155 BCE, probably because Rome was more interested in restraining these nomads away from the coast and the valley of Magra river, since they were considered property of the Romans, and the Apuans were only deemed as a threat to safety of the port of Luni and its trading importance.
The Ligurian Apuans, or simply Apuans, were a population divided into various tribes, called Nomens (names) by Roman historians; one of them settled between the mountains of Mont'Alto, where they lived a semi-nomadic life and used the area of Retignano as a settlement from spring until early winter. In more sheltered areas and clearings like Gordici and Valimoni, about 700 meters above the sea level, there were the remains of smaller settlements called by the Apuans luki (which became loci in Latin). In case of war, they always had access to a fortified summit from which they could see the horizon, and could warn their compatriots of the enemy's arrival. For Retignano, this summit coincides with the top of the mountain Castello (lit. 'castle'), whose etymology probably is to relate with this habit. It is believed that they were the Vasates, inhabitants of Basati, a place in front of Retignano.
After their defeat in 6th century CE, the Ligurian Apuans were deported or expelled from Versilia. Their domains in Retignano, Levigliani and Seravezza were divided into colonies first, with Luni as the main center for Seravezza and Querceta, and Lucca for the mountain areas of Stazzema and Pietrasanta. The colonies were then divided into villages, which were built on hills. Each of them became a Roman camp and took its name from its founder or governor. The current name of Retignano comes from the time of Roman rule.
Some research on a document dated (31 August 855 CE) trace the name to Retinio, who was given the Roman district of the country which became Ratiniana, Ratignano, San Pietro di Retignano and finally Retignano (sometimes misspelled Ritignano). The reference to the patron dates back to 700 CE, when Christianity became more widespread throughout the peninsula and Retignano too. The village, which was under the control of Rome, took its same patron (St. Peter). On July 1, 932 CE, the village, called Ratignano as evidenced by certain records of the Archbishop of Lucca, was donated by the Lombard king Lothair to Lucca.
The 18th century began with lots of new opportunities and a new-found economic prosperity that allowed the comunello to keep ruling for a while. In 1712 the popular council's representatives comprised 50 people and it can be considered the first real democratic administration. At the time, there were four masons, six weavers, two insiders mills, a polishing and those who worked in carpentry and sawmills water.