Robert Buron (27 February 1910 – 28 April 1973) was a French politician. Buron represented Mayenne as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1945 to 1958 and was a minister in several French governments during France’s Fourth and early Fifth Republics, including a Minister of Finance from 20 January 1955 to 23 February 1955 and a Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism from 9 June 1958 to 16 May 1962 under Charles de Gaulle.

Buron was born in 1910 in Paris. He married Marie-Louise 'Melle' Trouillard (1910-2006) in July 1938, with whom he had a daughter, Martine Buron (1944-). Martine Buron was a Member of the European Parliament from 1984 until 1994, representing the Parti Socialiste.

Buron was kidnapped during the 1961 Algiers putsch. In 1965 he founded Objectif 72, a political movement.

In the last years of his life, Buron served as the mayor of Laval from 1971 to 1973, after previously being mayor of Villaines-la-Juhel between 1953 to 1970.

He died in 1973 in Paris. In his honor, the Lycée Robert Buron in Laval was named after him.