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Robert R. Redfield
Robert Ray Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist who served as the 18th Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 2018 to 2021.
Robert Ray Redfield Jr. was born on July 10, 1951. His parents, Robert Ray Redfield (1923–1956, from Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda, were both scientists at the National Institutes of Health, where his father was a surgeon and cellular physiologist at the National Heart Institute; Redfield's career in medical research was influenced by this background. His parents had another son and a daughter. His father died when he was four years old.
Redfield attended Georgetown University, and at college worked in Columbia University laboratories where investigations focused on the involvement of retroviruses in human disease.[citation needed] Redfield earned a Bachelor of Science from Georgetown University's College of Arts and Sciences in 1973. He then attended Georgetown University School of Medicine and was awarded his Doctor of Medicine in 1977.
Redfield's medical residency was at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) in Washington, D.C., where he completed his postgraduate medical training and internships in internal medicine (1978–1980), as a U.S. Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships at WRAMC, in infectious diseases and tropical medicine, by 1982.
Redfield continued as a U.S. Army physician and medical researcher at the WRAMC for the next decade, working in virology, immunology and clinical research. He collaborated with teams at the forefront of AIDS research, publishing several papers and advocating for strategies to translate knowledge gained from clinical studies to the practical treatment of patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.[independent source needed][verification needed] During this time, Redfield received the Surgeon General's Physician Recognition Award in 1987, an honorary degree from the New York Medical College in 1989, a lifetime services award from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging in 1993.
During this time, Redfield served on the board of Americans for a Sound AIDS Policy (ASAP), which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, conservative Christian policies, such as abstinence-only prevention. Redfield also authored the foreword to the 1990 book co-written by ASAP leader W. Shepard Smith, "Christians in the Age of AIDS", which discouraged the distribution of sterile needles to drug users as well as condom use, calling them "false prophets". The book described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals.
Redfield retired from the Army in 1996 as a colonel.
In 1992, the Defense Department investigated Redfield after he was accused of misrepresenting the effects of an experimental HIV vaccine, the study of which he had overseen. On the basis of this data, in 1992, the U.S. Senate gave a $20 million appropriation for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic HIV vaccine based on the protein gp160, which went into clinical trials. Randy Shilts, author of And The Band Played On, wrote that the idea of a therapeutic vaccine was a radical idea that came to Redfield while reading his children a book about Louis Pasteur which he then discussed with Jonas Salk who was in support.[page needed][verification needed] At the time a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's leading AIDS researcher, and a proponent of the vaccine.
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Robert R. Redfield
Robert Ray Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist who served as the 18th Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 2018 to 2021.
Robert Ray Redfield Jr. was born on July 10, 1951. His parents, Robert Ray Redfield (1923–1956, from Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda, were both scientists at the National Institutes of Health, where his father was a surgeon and cellular physiologist at the National Heart Institute; Redfield's career in medical research was influenced by this background. His parents had another son and a daughter. His father died when he was four years old.
Redfield attended Georgetown University, and at college worked in Columbia University laboratories where investigations focused on the involvement of retroviruses in human disease.[citation needed] Redfield earned a Bachelor of Science from Georgetown University's College of Arts and Sciences in 1973. He then attended Georgetown University School of Medicine and was awarded his Doctor of Medicine in 1977.
Redfield's medical residency was at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) in Washington, D.C., where he completed his postgraduate medical training and internships in internal medicine (1978–1980), as a U.S. Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships at WRAMC, in infectious diseases and tropical medicine, by 1982.
Redfield continued as a U.S. Army physician and medical researcher at the WRAMC for the next decade, working in virology, immunology and clinical research. He collaborated with teams at the forefront of AIDS research, publishing several papers and advocating for strategies to translate knowledge gained from clinical studies to the practical treatment of patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.[independent source needed][verification needed] During this time, Redfield received the Surgeon General's Physician Recognition Award in 1987, an honorary degree from the New York Medical College in 1989, a lifetime services award from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging in 1993.
During this time, Redfield served on the board of Americans for a Sound AIDS Policy (ASAP), which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, conservative Christian policies, such as abstinence-only prevention. Redfield also authored the foreword to the 1990 book co-written by ASAP leader W. Shepard Smith, "Christians in the Age of AIDS", which discouraged the distribution of sterile needles to drug users as well as condom use, calling them "false prophets". The book described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals.
Redfield retired from the Army in 1996 as a colonel.
In 1992, the Defense Department investigated Redfield after he was accused of misrepresenting the effects of an experimental HIV vaccine, the study of which he had overseen. On the basis of this data, in 1992, the U.S. Senate gave a $20 million appropriation for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic HIV vaccine based on the protein gp160, which went into clinical trials. Randy Shilts, author of And The Band Played On, wrote that the idea of a therapeutic vaccine was a radical idea that came to Redfield while reading his children a book about Louis Pasteur which he then discussed with Jonas Salk who was in support.[page needed][verification needed] At the time a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's leading AIDS researcher, and a proponent of the vaccine.