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Robert Stoller
Robert Jesse Stoller (December 15, 1924 – September 6, 1991) was an American professor of psychiatry at UCLA Medical School and a researcher at the UCLA Gender Identity Clinic. He has been criticized for research into finding the cause of transgender identities with intent to prevent them, and later similar research he inspired.
He was the author of nine books, the co-author of three others, and the publisher of over 115 articles.
Stoller is known for his theories concerning the development of gender identity, which he is credited as having coined in 1964. Stoller is also known for his theories concerning the dynamics of sexual excitement.
In 2010, Richard Green published "Robert Stoller's Sex and Gender: 40 Years On" in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, which analyzed the contributions of the book and his research overall in the field of transgender healthcare.
Robert Stoller was born on December 15, 1924, in Crestwood, New York. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants.
In 1958, a patient pseudonymously referred to as Agnes was referred to Stoller and Harold Garfinkel. At the time, Agnes was 17 years old and pretended to be intersex in order to receive gender confirming surgery. Years later, Stoller learned that Agnes was actually a transgender girl who had been stealing her mother's estrogen supplements since 12 years old. Upon learning this, Stoller recalled the papers he had written and retracted his earlier findings at the 1968 International Psychoanalytic Congress in Copenhagen.
Research by Richard Green, Stoller, and Craig MacAndrew in 1966 revealed that most physicians and psychiatrists were opposed to gender confirming surgery, even if the patient had received years of psychotherapy and would probably be suicidal if denied surgery.
In 1968, Stoller wrote Sex and Gender, where he hypothesized "The sense of core gender identity...is derived from three sources: the anatomy and physiology of the genitalia; the attitudes of parents, siblings and peers toward the child's gender role; and a biological force that may more or less modify the attitudinal (environmental) forces." In it, he argued that sex changes should be utilized as a research technique but only offered to those termed "true transexuals", those who "had been very feminine in childhood, had never lived acceptably in a masculine role, and who had not derived pleasure from their penis (p 251)." However, these criteria became widely influential and most patients would use the "winning psychosexual history", as therapy shifted from analysis of transgender people to a stepping stone to transition.
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Robert Stoller
Robert Jesse Stoller (December 15, 1924 – September 6, 1991) was an American professor of psychiatry at UCLA Medical School and a researcher at the UCLA Gender Identity Clinic. He has been criticized for research into finding the cause of transgender identities with intent to prevent them, and later similar research he inspired.
He was the author of nine books, the co-author of three others, and the publisher of over 115 articles.
Stoller is known for his theories concerning the development of gender identity, which he is credited as having coined in 1964. Stoller is also known for his theories concerning the dynamics of sexual excitement.
In 2010, Richard Green published "Robert Stoller's Sex and Gender: 40 Years On" in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, which analyzed the contributions of the book and his research overall in the field of transgender healthcare.
Robert Stoller was born on December 15, 1924, in Crestwood, New York. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants.
In 1958, a patient pseudonymously referred to as Agnes was referred to Stoller and Harold Garfinkel. At the time, Agnes was 17 years old and pretended to be intersex in order to receive gender confirming surgery. Years later, Stoller learned that Agnes was actually a transgender girl who had been stealing her mother's estrogen supplements since 12 years old. Upon learning this, Stoller recalled the papers he had written and retracted his earlier findings at the 1968 International Psychoanalytic Congress in Copenhagen.
Research by Richard Green, Stoller, and Craig MacAndrew in 1966 revealed that most physicians and psychiatrists were opposed to gender confirming surgery, even if the patient had received years of psychotherapy and would probably be suicidal if denied surgery.
In 1968, Stoller wrote Sex and Gender, where he hypothesized "The sense of core gender identity...is derived from three sources: the anatomy and physiology of the genitalia; the attitudes of parents, siblings and peers toward the child's gender role; and a biological force that may more or less modify the attitudinal (environmental) forces." In it, he argued that sex changes should be utilized as a research technique but only offered to those termed "true transexuals", those who "had been very feminine in childhood, had never lived acceptably in a masculine role, and who had not derived pleasure from their penis (p 251)." However, these criteria became widely influential and most patients would use the "winning psychosexual history", as therapy shifted from analysis of transgender people to a stepping stone to transition.