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Robo-advisor

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Robo-advisor

Robo-advisors or robo-advisers are financial advisers that provide personalized financial advice and investment management online with moderate to minimal human intervention. A robo-advisor provides digital financial advice that is personalised based on mathematical rules or algorithms. These algorithms are designed by human financial advisors, investment managers and data scientists, and coded in software by programmers. These algorithms are executed by software and do not require a human advisor to impart financial advice to a client. The software utilizes its algorithms to automatically allocate, manage and optimize clients' assets for either short-run or long-run investment.

Robo-advisors are categorized based on the extent of personalization, discretion, involvement, and human interaction. There are over 100 robo-advisory services. Investment management robo-advice is considered a breakthrough in formerly exclusive wealth management services, bringing services to a broader audience at a lower cost than traditional human advice. Robo-advisors collect financial situation information from the client to determine risk tolerance. Then, robo-advisors allocate a client's assets on the basis of risk preferences and desired target return. While robo-advisors have the capability of allocating client assets in many investment products such as stocks, bonds, futures, commodities, and real estate, the advice is often directed towards exchange-traded funds. Clients can choose between offerings with passive asset allocation techniques or active asset management styles.

Robo-advisors that provide investment management service create a discretionary managed account for each of its clients.

The first robo-advisor Betterment was launched in 2010 as a direct-to-consumer model by Jon Stein, followed in 2011 by Wealthfront. Thereafter, robo-advisors increased in popularity. Before robo-advisers, online portfolio management interfaces existed since the early 2000s and these interfaces were used by financial managers to manage and balance clients' assets. By the end of 2015, several robo-advisers from around the globe were managing $60 billion in assets of clients.

In 2012, MoneyFarm was launched in Italy. In 2013, Nutmeg was launched in the United Kingdom. In 2014, Stockspot was launched in Australia, followed there in 2015 by QuietGrowth. In 2015, 8 Securities launched one of Asia's first robo-advisors in Japan, followed there in 2016 by Money Design, Co., under the brand name THEO, and WealthNavi. In 2017, Singapore based StashAway received a capital markets services license from the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

The industry entered a consolidation phase in the mid-2020s, with several firms exiting or restructuring their offerings. Goldman Sachs sold its Marcus Invest platform to Betterment in 2024, JPMorgan discontinued its Automated Investing product, and UBS announced the closure of its Advice Advantage robo-advisor.

A robo-advisor can be defined as "a self-guided online wealth management service that provides automated investment advice at low costs and low account minimums, employing portfolio management algorithms". Some robo-advisors do have an element of human interference and supervision.

Legally, the term "financial advisor" applies to any entity giving personalized financial advice. Most robo-advisor services are instead limited to providing discretionary portfolio management, that is the allocation of investments among asset classes, without addressing issues such as estate and retirement planning and cash-flow management, which are also the domain of financial planning.[citation needed] Robo advisors provide "personal financial advice" in addition to "general financial advice". Personal financial advice is tailored to the financial situation and goals of the client, and is in their best interests. General financial advice doesn't take into account the personal situation or goals of the client, or how it might affect them personally.

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