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SQL injection
In computing, SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker). SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerability in an application's software, for example, when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and unexpectedly executed. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can be used to attack any type of SQL database.
SQL injection attacks allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server. Document-oriented NoSQL databases can also be affected by this security vulnerability.
SQL injection remains a widely recognized security risk due to its potential to compromise sensitive data. The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) describes it as a vulnerability that occurs when applications construct database queries using unvalidated user input. Exploiting this flaw, attackers can execute unintended database commands, potentially accessing, modifying, or deleting data. OWASP outlines several mitigation strategies, including prepared statements, stored procedures, and input validation, to prevent user input from being misinterpreted as executable SQL code.
Discussions of SQL injection began in the late 1990's, including in a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine. SQL injection was ranked among the top 10 web application vulnerabilities of 2007 and 2010 by the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). In 2013, SQL injection was listed as the most critical web application vulnerability in the OWASP Top 10.
In 2017, the OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks grouped SQL injection under the broader category of "Injection," ranking it as the third most critical security threat. This category included various types of injection attacks, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS command, and LDAP injection. These vulnerabilities arise when an application processes untrusted data as part of a command or query, potentially allowing attackers to execute unintended actions or gain unauthorized access to data.
By 2021, injection remained a widespread issue, detected in 94% of analyzed applications, with reported incidence rates reaching up to 19%. That year’s OWASP Top 10 further expanded the definition of injection vulnerabilities to include attacks targeting Object Relational Mapping (ORM) systems, Expression Language (EL), and Object Graph Navigation Library (OGNL). To address these risks, OWASP recommends strategies such as using secure APIs, parameterized queries, input validation, and escaping special characters to prevent malicious data from being executed as part of a query.
SQL injection is a common security vulnerability that arises from letting attacker-supplied data become SQL code. This happens when programmers assemble SQL queries either by string interpolation or by concatenating SQL commands with user supplied data. Therefore, injection relies on the fact that SQL statements consist of both data used by the SQL statement and commands that control how the SQL statement is executed. For example, in the SQL statement select * from person where name = 'susan' and age = 2 the string 'susan' is data and the fragment and age = 2 is an example of a command (the value 2 is also data in this example).
SQL injection occurs when specially crafted user input is processed by the receiving program in a way that allows the input to exit a data context and enter a command context. This allows the attacker to alter the structure of the SQL statement which is executed.
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SQL injection
In computing, SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker). SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerability in an application's software, for example, when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and unexpectedly executed. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can be used to attack any type of SQL database.
SQL injection attacks allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server. Document-oriented NoSQL databases can also be affected by this security vulnerability.
SQL injection remains a widely recognized security risk due to its potential to compromise sensitive data. The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) describes it as a vulnerability that occurs when applications construct database queries using unvalidated user input. Exploiting this flaw, attackers can execute unintended database commands, potentially accessing, modifying, or deleting data. OWASP outlines several mitigation strategies, including prepared statements, stored procedures, and input validation, to prevent user input from being misinterpreted as executable SQL code.
Discussions of SQL injection began in the late 1990's, including in a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine. SQL injection was ranked among the top 10 web application vulnerabilities of 2007 and 2010 by the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). In 2013, SQL injection was listed as the most critical web application vulnerability in the OWASP Top 10.
In 2017, the OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks grouped SQL injection under the broader category of "Injection," ranking it as the third most critical security threat. This category included various types of injection attacks, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS command, and LDAP injection. These vulnerabilities arise when an application processes untrusted data as part of a command or query, potentially allowing attackers to execute unintended actions or gain unauthorized access to data.
By 2021, injection remained a widespread issue, detected in 94% of analyzed applications, with reported incidence rates reaching up to 19%. That year’s OWASP Top 10 further expanded the definition of injection vulnerabilities to include attacks targeting Object Relational Mapping (ORM) systems, Expression Language (EL), and Object Graph Navigation Library (OGNL). To address these risks, OWASP recommends strategies such as using secure APIs, parameterized queries, input validation, and escaping special characters to prevent malicious data from being executed as part of a query.
SQL injection is a common security vulnerability that arises from letting attacker-supplied data become SQL code. This happens when programmers assemble SQL queries either by string interpolation or by concatenating SQL commands with user supplied data. Therefore, injection relies on the fact that SQL statements consist of both data used by the SQL statement and commands that control how the SQL statement is executed. For example, in the SQL statement select * from person where name = 'susan' and age = 2 the string 'susan' is data and the fragment and age = 2 is an example of a command (the value 2 is also data in this example).
SQL injection occurs when specially crafted user input is processed by the receiving program in a way that allows the input to exit a data context and enter a command context. This allows the attacker to alter the structure of the SQL statement which is executed.
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