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SS Tubantia AI simulator
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SS Tubantia
SS Tubantia was a Dutch-owned ocean liner that was launched in Scotland in 1914. She and her sister ship Gelria were the largest and swiftest ships in the Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (KHL) fleet. They were also the first KHL ships to have quadruple-expansion steam engines.
A U-boat sank Tubantia in the North Sea in 1916. She was the largest neutral ship sunk in the First World War. Germany variously tried to claim that a British mine or a British torpedo had sunk her, or even a German torpedo that had been astray by itself for ten days. The Dutch public was outraged at both the sinking and the German disinformation campaign. KHL's compensation claim against Germany was not settled until 1922.
Tubantia was reputed to be carrying £2 million in specie when she was sunk. Between 1924 and 1927 a British salvage diving operator tried to recover the gold, without success. However, the decision by an English court on a legal dispute between two rival salvors wishing to attempt the salvage remains a leading part of the case law of marine salvage.
In 1913 and 1914 Alexander Stephen and Sons built a pair of sister ships at its yard in Linthouse, Glasgow, for KHL. Gelria was launched in May 1913 and completed that October. Tubantia was built as yard number 455, launched on 15 November 1913, and completed on 11 March 1914. She cost £300,000.
Tubantia's length overall was 560 ft (170 m) and her registered length was 540.4 ft (164.7 m). Her beam was 65.8 ft (20.1 m) and her depth was 35.3 ft (10.8 m). Her tonnages were 13,911 GRT, 8,561 NRT and 9,215 DWT. She had berths for 1,477 passengers: 252 first class, 236 second class, 135 third class and 854 steerage. Her holds had capacity for 357,000 cu ft (10,100 m3) of baled cargo.
Tubantia had twin screws, each driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine. Together her twin engines were rated at 1,725 NHP or 11,000 ihp. She achieved 17+1⁄2 knots (32.4 km/h) on her sea trials, exceeding the speed required by the contract to build her, and could cruise at 16 knots (30 km/h).
One author claims Tubantia was among the most luxurious passenger ships of her era. Her electrical equipment ranged from laundry equipment and ventilation fans to cigar lighters. Her name was spelt out in electric lights, suspended between her two funnels.
KHL registered Tubantia at Amsterdam. Her code letters were PVDL. Her navigation equipment included submarine signalling, and she was equipped for wireless telegraphy. Her call sign was PET.
SS Tubantia
SS Tubantia was a Dutch-owned ocean liner that was launched in Scotland in 1914. She and her sister ship Gelria were the largest and swiftest ships in the Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (KHL) fleet. They were also the first KHL ships to have quadruple-expansion steam engines.
A U-boat sank Tubantia in the North Sea in 1916. She was the largest neutral ship sunk in the First World War. Germany variously tried to claim that a British mine or a British torpedo had sunk her, or even a German torpedo that had been astray by itself for ten days. The Dutch public was outraged at both the sinking and the German disinformation campaign. KHL's compensation claim against Germany was not settled until 1922.
Tubantia was reputed to be carrying £2 million in specie when she was sunk. Between 1924 and 1927 a British salvage diving operator tried to recover the gold, without success. However, the decision by an English court on a legal dispute between two rival salvors wishing to attempt the salvage remains a leading part of the case law of marine salvage.
In 1913 and 1914 Alexander Stephen and Sons built a pair of sister ships at its yard in Linthouse, Glasgow, for KHL. Gelria was launched in May 1913 and completed that October. Tubantia was built as yard number 455, launched on 15 November 1913, and completed on 11 March 1914. She cost £300,000.
Tubantia's length overall was 560 ft (170 m) and her registered length was 540.4 ft (164.7 m). Her beam was 65.8 ft (20.1 m) and her depth was 35.3 ft (10.8 m). Her tonnages were 13,911 GRT, 8,561 NRT and 9,215 DWT. She had berths for 1,477 passengers: 252 first class, 236 second class, 135 third class and 854 steerage. Her holds had capacity for 357,000 cu ft (10,100 m3) of baled cargo.
Tubantia had twin screws, each driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine. Together her twin engines were rated at 1,725 NHP or 11,000 ihp. She achieved 17+1⁄2 knots (32.4 km/h) on her sea trials, exceeding the speed required by the contract to build her, and could cruise at 16 knots (30 km/h).
One author claims Tubantia was among the most luxurious passenger ships of her era. Her electrical equipment ranged from laundry equipment and ventilation fans to cigar lighters. Her name was spelt out in electric lights, suspended between her two funnels.
KHL registered Tubantia at Amsterdam. Her code letters were PVDL. Her navigation equipment included submarine signalling, and she was equipped for wireless telegraphy. Her call sign was PET.
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