The early to mid-19th century witnessed rapid industrialization in the United States, particularly in the Northeast. This period saw the rise of factories, improvements in transportation (steamboats and railroads), and a growing interest in technological innovation. This environment provided both opportunities and challenges for inventors like Sarah Mather.

With increased maritime trade and the rise of naval power, there was a growing need for advancements in maritime technology. Mather's underwater telescope directly addressed this need by providing a tool for inspecting ships and underwater structures. This period saw innovation in shipbuilding, diving equipment, and underwater engineering.

The U.S. Patent Office saw a surge in activity during this period, reflecting a growing culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. Sarah Mather's decision to patent her invention demonstrates her understanding of the value of intellectual property and her desire to protect and potentially commercialize her work.