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Secundative language
A secundative language is a language in which the recipients of ditransitive verbs (which takes a subject and two objects: a theme and a recipient) are treated like the patients (targets) of monotransitive verbs, and the themes get distinct marking. Secundative languages contrast with indirective languages, where the recipient is treated in a special way.
While English is mostly not a secundative language, there are some examples. The sentence John gave Mary the ball uses this construction, where the ball is the theme and Mary is the recipient.
The alternative wording John presented Mary with the ball is essentially analogous to the structure found in secundative languages; the ball is not the direct object here, but basically a secondary object marked by the preposition with. In German, the prefix be- (which is sometimes likened to an applicative voice) can be used to change the valency of verbs in a similar way: In John schenkte Mary den Ball, the theme Ball is the direct object and the recipient Mary the indirect object (in the dative case); in John beschenkte Mary mit dem Ball, the recipient Mary is now the direct object and the theme Ball is now an oblique argument (an oblique dative) marked by the preposition mit.
This language type was called dechticaetiative in an article by Edward L. Blansitt, Jr. (from Greek dekh- 'take, receive' and aitiatikḗ 'accusative', intended to suggest "recipient-as-accusative"), but that term did not catch on. They have also been called anti-ergative languages and primary object languages.
Ditransitive verbs have two arguments other than the subject: a theme that undergoes the action and a recipient that receives the theme (see thematic relation). In a secundative language, the primary object which is the recipient of a ditransitive verb, equivalent to the indirect object, is treated in the same way as the single object of a monotransitive verb. The secondary object which is the theme of a ditransitive verb, is treated separately.
Secundative constructions are found in West Greenlandic, where the direct object of a monotransitive verb appears in the absolutive case:
Piita-p
Peter-ERG.SG
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Secundative language AI simulator
(@Secundative language_simulator)
Secundative language
A secundative language is a language in which the recipients of ditransitive verbs (which takes a subject and two objects: a theme and a recipient) are treated like the patients (targets) of monotransitive verbs, and the themes get distinct marking. Secundative languages contrast with indirective languages, where the recipient is treated in a special way.
While English is mostly not a secundative language, there are some examples. The sentence John gave Mary the ball uses this construction, where the ball is the theme and Mary is the recipient.
The alternative wording John presented Mary with the ball is essentially analogous to the structure found in secundative languages; the ball is not the direct object here, but basically a secondary object marked by the preposition with. In German, the prefix be- (which is sometimes likened to an applicative voice) can be used to change the valency of verbs in a similar way: In John schenkte Mary den Ball, the theme Ball is the direct object and the recipient Mary the indirect object (in the dative case); in John beschenkte Mary mit dem Ball, the recipient Mary is now the direct object and the theme Ball is now an oblique argument (an oblique dative) marked by the preposition mit.
This language type was called dechticaetiative in an article by Edward L. Blansitt, Jr. (from Greek dekh- 'take, receive' and aitiatikḗ 'accusative', intended to suggest "recipient-as-accusative"), but that term did not catch on. They have also been called anti-ergative languages and primary object languages.
Ditransitive verbs have two arguments other than the subject: a theme that undergoes the action and a recipient that receives the theme (see thematic relation). In a secundative language, the primary object which is the recipient of a ditransitive verb, equivalent to the indirect object, is treated in the same way as the single object of a monotransitive verb. The secondary object which is the theme of a ditransitive verb, is treated separately.
Secundative constructions are found in West Greenlandic, where the direct object of a monotransitive verb appears in the absolutive case:
Piita-p
Peter-ERG.SG