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Sentinel-class cutter
Sentinel-class cutter
The USCGC Benjamin Bottoms in San Francisco
Class overview
NameSentinel class
OperatorsUnited States Coast Guard
Planned77
Completed60
Active58
Retired1
General characteristics
TypeCutter
Displacement353 long tons (359 t)
Length46.8 m (154 ft)
Beam8.11 m (26.6 ft)
Depth2.9 m (9.5 ft)
Propulsion
Speed28+ knots
Endurance
  • 5 days, 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi)
  • Designed to be on patrol 2,500 hours per year
Boats & landing
craft carried
1 × Cutter Boat – Over the Horizon – jet-drive
Complement4 officers, 20 crew
Sensors &
processing systems
  • L-3 C4ISR suite
  • AN/SPS-78 surface search and navigation radar
  • AN/SPS-50 surface search radar
  • RADA RPS-42 MHR air search radar
  • AN/APX-123(V)1 IFF (ship automation provided by MTU Callosum)
Armament1 × Mk 38 Mod 2 25 mm machine gun system (and 4 × crew-served Browning M2 machine guns on some cutters)

The Sentinel-class cutter, also known as the Fast Response Cutter or FRC due to its program name, is part of the United States Coast Guard's Deepwater program.[2][3][4] At 154 feet (46.8 m), it is similar to, but larger than, the 123-foot (37 m) lengthened 1980s-era Island-class patrol boats that it replaces. At least 77 vessels are to be built by the Louisiana-based firm Bollinger Shipyards, using a design from the Netherlands-based Damen Group, with the Sentinel design based on the company's Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessel. The Department of Homeland Security's budget proposal to Congress, for the Coast Guard, for 2021, stated that, in addition to 58 vessels to serve the Continental US, they requested an additional six vessels for its portion of Patrol Forces Southwest Asia.[5]

Planning and acquisition

[edit]

In March 2007, newly appointed United States Coast Guard Commandant Thad Allen announced that the USCG had withdrawn a contract from Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for the construction of an initial flawed design of what would eventually become the Sentinel class.[6][7][8][9] Allen announced that instead of the initial high-tech design Bollinger would build vessels based on an existing design, and the new program would focus more on existing "off-the-shelf" technology.

The design chosen was largely based on the Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessels from the Netherlands firm the Damen Group. The South African government operates three similar 154 ft Lillian Ngoyi-class vessels for environmental and fishery patrol.[10]

In September 2008, Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana, was awarded US$88 million to build the prototype first vessel in its class.[11] That prototype was the first of a projected series of 46.8-meter (154 ft) cutters. In September 2008 the series was expected to comprise a maximum of 24 to 34 cutters[12] but by the time the prototype cutter, which became USCGC Bernard C. Webber, entered service in 2012 the planned number of Sentinel-class cutters had grown to 58. They replaced the 37 remaining aging, 1980s-era 110 ft Island-class patrol boats.[13]

USCGC Bernard C. Webber and all following Sentinel-class vessels are named after enlisted Coast Guard heroes.[14] Bernard C. Webber was launched in April 2011, and commissioned in April 2012 at the Port of Miami. She and five sister ships are stationed in Miami, Florida. The second cohort of six vessels is homeported in Key West, Florida. The third cohort of six vessels is homeported in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[15] As of October 2024, the Coast Guard plans to station most of the Sentinel-class cutters in the United States, but a cohort of six is stationed with the Coast Guard's largest unit outside the United States, Patrol Forces Southwest Asia (PATFORSWA), whose homeport is Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. As many as six more are planned to be stationed in the Indo-Pacific region.[16][17]

A second contract was awarded on December 15, 2009 for an additional three Sentinel-class cutters at a cost of US$141 million. By April 2010 the Coast Guard's contract with Bollinger allowed for the order of up to 34 Sentinel-class cutters at a cost of up to US$1.5 billion. Even then, the Coast Guard was planning to build a total of 58 Sentinel-class cutters. [18]

In September 2013, Marine Link reported that the Coast Guard had placed orders with Bollinger Shipyards for additional cutters, bringing the number of such cutters ordered by then to thirty.[19]

In July 2014, it was announced that the U.S. Coast Guard had exercised a $225 million option at Bollinger Shipyards for construction through 2017 of an additional six Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutters (FRCs), bringing the total number of FRCs under contract with Bollinger to 30. Later that number was increased to 32 cutters.

In May 2016, Bollinger Shipyards announced that the U.S. Coast Guard had awarded it a new contract for building the final 26 Sentinel-class fast-response cutters. That brought to 58 the total number of FRCs that the USCG ordered from Bollinger.[20] Acquiring the 58 cutters was expected to cost the federal government $3.8 billion — an average of about $65 million per cutter.

By June 2016, 38 of the projected 58 FRCs had been ordered and 17 were in service. The Miami and Key West chorts were complete. The 18th fast response cutter, Joseph Tezanos, was delivered to the Coast Guard in Key West, Florida, in June 2016 en route to completing the San Juan cohort.[21]

On August 9, 2018, the Coast Guard exercised its contract option to order six more Sentinel-class cutters. These would be the 45th through 50th cutters of that class. With this order, the total value of orders under the contract grew to almost US$929 million. On August 21 the 30th fast response cutter, Robert Ward, was delivered.[22]

On July 31, 2019, the Coast Guard exercised its contract option to order another six Sentinel-class cutters. These would be the 51st through 56th cutters of that class. With this order, the total value of orders under the contract grew to about US$1.23 billion. Under the contract, the Coast Guard could order as many as 58 cutters, at a total cost of US$1.42 billion. The six new cutters were expected to be delivered starting in late 2022 and ending in late 2023.[23]

In September 2020, the Coast Guard announced it was ordering four more FRCs from Bollinger, to be delivered in 2024. These would be the 56th through 60th cutters of that class. At that time, 40 FRCs had been delivered and 38 had been commissioned. The Coast Guard had recently modified its contract with Bollinger to increase the maximum number of cutters that could be ordered under the contract to 64. The modified contract had a potential value of US$1.74 billion.[24]

In 2017, the Coast Guard announced two FRCs would be stationed in Astoria, Oregon starting in 2021.[25] In 2018, the Coast Guard announced four more would be stationed in San Pedro, California in 2018 and 2019.[26] Also in 2018, the Coast Guard revealed plans to eventually homeport a total of six FRCs in Alaska, with one cutter in Sitka, one in Seward, and two in Kodiak, joining two already operating from Ketchikan.[27] Boston, Massachusetts and St. Petersburg, Florida would eventually be FRC homeports.[28][29]

In June 2019, the United States House Committee on Armed Services approved a requirement for the US Navy to study the possibility of buying a version of the FRC, and basing them in Bahrain.[30]

In 2019 Lieutenant Commander Collin Fox (USN), and columnist David Axe suggested that, when the US Navy started to develop unmanned patrol ships to replace the Cyclone class, which are similar in size to the Sentinel class, the hulls and other elements of the robot ships would be based on the Sentinels, and built in the same factory.[31][32]

In August 2021, the Coast Guard exercised its option to order four more Sentinel-class cutters—the 61st through 64th—from Bollinger. Bollinger planned to build the ships at Bollinger's Lockport, Louisiana facility[33] and deliver the first of the four vessels in the fall of 2024 and the last in the summer of 2025.[34]

In 2022, the Coast Guard awarded a $30 million contract to install a fixed pier and two floating docks to accommodate FRCs at East Tongue Point in Oregon. The first new cutter is expected to arrive at Astoria, Oregon in March 2024 rather than in 2021 as originally planned.[35]

In March 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2022, which provided $130 million in funding for two additional FRCs, bringing the total number to 66.[36][37] In August 2022, the Coast Guard exercised its contract option for the first of these additional cutters, to be delivered by Bollinger in 2025.[38] This order expanded the total value of the Phase 2 contract with Bollinger Shipyards to US$1.8 billion.[39]

In March 2024, a Congressional Research Service report revealed that the Coast Guard's long term procurement plan called for the purchase of up to 71 FRCs. Six of the new cutters would be deployed to the Indo-Pacific region for engagement with allies and partner countries.[40]

On May 8, 2024, the Coast Guard exercised a contract option for two additional FRCs, bringing the total vessels built by or under contract with Bollinger to 67[41] and the total value of the Phase 2 contract to about US$2 billion. The two new FRCs are expected to be delivered in fiscal year 2028.[42]

On September 10, 2025, the Coast Guard announced that it had exercised a contract option for ten additional FRCs, increasing the number of FRCs ordered from Bollinger from 67 to 77. Congress had authorized US$1 billion for this purpose in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. These new FRCs are expected to be delivered starting in fiscal year 2028.[43]

Mission

[edit]

The vessels perform various Coast Guard missions which include but are not limited to PWCS (Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security), Defense Operations, Maritime Law Enforcement (Drug/migrant interdiction and other Law Enforcement), Search and Rescue, Marine Safety, and environment protection.[44]

Design and construction

[edit]
A graphic of USCG Sentinel-class cutter modifications made to the Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessel design
USCGC Raymond Evans, the tenth Sentinel-class cutter

The vessels are armed with a remote-control Mark 38 25 mm Machine Gun System and four crew-served .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2HB heavy machine guns. They have a bow thruster for maneuvering in crowded anchorages and channels. They have small underwater fins, for coping with the rolling and pitching caused by large waves. They are equipped with a stern launching ramp, like the Marine Protector-class and the eight failed expanded Island-class cutters. They are manned by a crew of 22. The Fast Response Cutter deploys the 26-foot (7.9 m) Cutter Boat - Over the Horizon (OTH-IV) for rescues and interceptions.[45]

Modifications to the Coast Guard vessels from the Stan 4708 design include an increase in speed from 23 to 28 knots (43 to 52 km/h; 26 to 32 mph), fixed-pitch rather than variable-pitch propellers, stern launch capability, and watertight bulkheads.[46] The vessels are built to ABS High Speed Naval Craft rules and some parts of the FRC also comply to ABS Naval Vessel Rules.[47] The vessels meet Naval Sea Systems Command standards for two compartment damaged stability and meet the Intact and Damage Stability and reserve buoyancy requirements in accordance with the “Procedures Manual for Stability Analyses of U.S. Navy Small Craft".[48][49]

The vessels have space, weight, and power reserved for future requirements which includes weapons and their systems. The cutters have a reduced radar cross-section through shaping.[50] The bridge is equipped with a handheld device that allows crew members to remotely control the ship's functions, including rudder movement and docking.[51]

In February 2013, the Department of Homeland Security requested tenders from third party firms to independently inspect the cutters, during their construction, and their performance trials.[52]

At the September 2022 commissioning of USCGC Douglas Denman, it was announced that she had several upgrades compared to the two cutters deployed to Ketchikan, Alaska six years previously. These include an improved bow thruster and radar system and the addition of a forward-looking infrared camera.[53] Though initially stationed at Ketchikan, Douglas Denman will eventually be homeported at Sitka when port infrastructure improvements have been completed there.[54]

Crew accommodation

[edit]

Prior to the deployment of the Marine Protector class, the Coast Guard decided that all its cutters, even its smallest, should be able to accommodate mixed-gender crews. The Sentinel-class cutters are able to accommodate mixed-gender crews. When USCGC Rollin Fritch was commissioned, a profile in The Philadelphia Inquirer asserted off-duty crew members had access to satellite television broadcasts.[51] The vessels come equipped with a desalination unit.[51]

Ships

[edit]
Name Hull
number
Delivered Commissioned Home
port
Status
Bernard C. Webber WPC-1101 April 21, 2011 April 14, 2012 Miami, Florida Active service[55]
Richard Etheridge WPC-1102 August 18, 2011 August 3, 2012[56] Miami, Florida Active service[55]
William Flores WPC-1103 November 10, 2011 November 3, 2012[57] Miami, Florida Active service[55]
Robert Yered WPC-1104 November 17, 2012[58] February 15, 2013 Miami, Florida Active service[55]
Margaret Norvell WPC-1105 January 13, 2013[59] June 1, 2013[60] Miami, Florida Active service[55]
Paul Clark WPC-1106 May 18, 2013[61] August 24, 2013 Miami, Florida Active service[55]
Charles David Jr. WPC-1107 August 17, 2013[62][63] November 16, 2013[64] Key West, Florida Active service[55]
Charles Sexton WPC-1108 December 10, 2013[65] March 8, 2014[66] Key West, Florida Active service[55]
Kathleen Moore WPC-1109 March 28, 2014[67] May 10, 2014 Key West, Florida Active service[55]
Raymond Evans[Note 1] WPC-1110 June 25, 2014[68] September 6, 2014[69] Key West, Florida Active service[55]
William Trump WPC-1111 November 25, 2014[70][71][72][73] January 24, 2015 Key West, Florida Active service[55]
Isaac Mayo WPC-1112 2015-01-13[74] 2015-03-28[75] Key West, Florida Active service[55]
Richard Dixon WPC-1113 April 14, 2015[76] June 20, 2015 San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[15][55]
Heriberto Hernandez WPC-1114 July 30, 2015[77] October 16, 2015 San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[15][78][55]
Joseph Napier WPC-1115 October 20, 2015[79] January 29, 2016 San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[15][55]
Winslow Griesser WPC-1116 December 23, 2015 March 11, 2016 San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[15][55]
Donald Horsley WPC-1117 March 5, 2016[80] May 20, 2016 San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[55]
Joseph Tezanos WPC-1118 June 22, 2016 August 26, 2016[81] San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[55]
Rollin Fritch WPC-1119 August 23, 2016 November 19, 2016 Cape May, New Jersey Active service[55]
Lawrence Lawson WPC-1120 October 20, 2016 March 18, 2017[82] Cape May, New Jersey Active Service[55]
John McCormick WPC-1121 December 13, 2016[83] April 12, 2017[84] Ketchikan, Alaska Active service[55]
Bailey Barco WPC-1122 February 7, 2017[85][86] June 14, 2017[87] Ketchikan, Alaska Active service[55]
Benjamin Dailey WPC-1123 April 20, 2017[88][89][90] July 4, 2017[91] Decommissioned[92] after being heavily damaged by fire on December 10, 2021.[93]
Oliver Berry WPC-1124 June 27, 2017[94] October 31, 2017[95] Honolulu, Hawaii Active service[55]
Jacob Poroo WPC-1125 September 5, 2017[96] December 8, 2017[97] Pascagoula, Mississippi Active service[55]
Joseph Gerczak WPC-1126 November 9, 2017[98] March 9, 2018[99] Honolulu, Hawaii Active service[55]
Richard Snyder WPC-1127 February 8, 2018[100] April 20, 2018[101] Atlantic Beach, North Carolina Active service[55]
Nathan Bruckenthal WPC-1128 March 29, 2018[102] July 25, 2018[103] Atlantic Beach, North Carolina Active service[55]
Forrest Rednour WPC-1129 June 7, 2018[104] November 8, 2018[105] San Pedro, California Active service[55]
Robert Ward WPC-1130 August 21, 2018[106] March 2, 2019[107] San Pedro, California Active service[55]
Terrell Horne WPC-1131 October 25, 2018[108] March 22, 2019[109] San Pedro, California Active service[55]
Benjamin Bottoms WPC-1132 January 8, 2019[110] May 1, 2019[111] San Pedro, California Active service[55]
Joseph Doyle WPC-1133 March 21, 2019[112] June 8, 2019[113] San Juan, Puerto Rico Active service[55]
William Hart WPC-1134 May 23, 2019[114] September 26, 2019[115] Honolulu, Hawaii Active service[55]
Angela McShan WPC-1135 August 1, 2019[116] October 26, 2019[117] Cape May, New Jersey Active service[55]
Daniel Tarr WPC-1136 November 7, 2019[118][119] January 10, 2020[120] Galveston, Texas Active service[121][55]
Edgar Culbertson WPC-1137 February 6, 2020[122] June 11, 2020[123] Galveston, Texas Active service[55]
Harold Miller WPC-1138 April 2, 2020[124] July 15, 2020[125] Galveston, Texas Active service[121][55]
Myrtle Hazard WPC-1139 May 28, 2020[126] July 29, 2021[127] Santa Rita, Guam Active service[55]
Oliver Henry WPC-1140 July 30, 2020[128] July 29, 2021[127] Santa Rita, Guam Active service[55]
Charles Moulthrope WPC-1141 October 22, 2020[129] January 21, 2021[130] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
Robert Goldman WPC-1142 December 21, 2020[131] March 12, 2021[132] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
Frederick Hatch WPC-1143 February 10, 2021[133] July 29, 2021[127] Santa Rita, Guam Active service[55]
Glen Harris WPC-1144 April 22, 2021[134] August 6, 2021[135] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
Emlen Tunnell WPC-1145 July 1, 2021[136] October 15, 2021[137] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
John Scheuerman WPC-1146 October 22, 2021[138] February 23, 2022[139] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
Clarence Sutphin Jr. WPC-1147 January 6, 2022[140] April 21, 2022[141] Manama, Bahrain Active service[55]
Pablo Valent WPC-1148 March 17, 2022[142] May 11, 2022[143] St. Petersburg, Florida Active service[55]
Douglas Denman WPC-1149 May 26, 2022[144][37] September 28, 2022[145] First Ketchikan, then Sitka, Alaska Active service[55]
William Chadwick WPC-1150 August 4, 2022[146] November 10, 2022[147] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
Warren Deyampert WPC-1151 December 22, 2022[148] March 30, 2023[149] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
Maurice Jester WPC-1152 March 2, 2023[150] June 2, 2023[151] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
John Patterson WPC-1153 May 11, 2023[152] August 10, 2023[153] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
William Sparling WPC-1154 July 20, 2023[154] October 19, 2023[155] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
Melvin Bell WPC-1155 November 16, 2023[156] March 28, 2024[157] Boston, Massachusetts Active service[55]
David Duren WPC-1156 March 14, 2024[158] June 27, 2024[159] Astoria, Oregon Active service[55]
Florence Finch WPC-1157 June 13, 2024[160] October 24, 2024[161] Astoria, Oregon Active service[161]
John Witherspoon WPC-1158 November 7, 2024[162][163] April 3, 2025 Kodiak, Alaska Active service[164]
Earl Cunningham WPC-1159 March 6, 2025[165] August 11, 2025 Kodiak, Alaska Active service[166]
Frederick Mann WPC-1160 June 16, 2025 December 2025[167] First Kodiak, then Seward, Alaska[55] Delivered[168]
Olivia Hooker WPC-1161 2025 Pascagoula, Mississippi[169] Under construction[34][55]
Vincent Danz WPC-1162 2025 2026 Santa Rita, Guam Under construction[170][171]
Jeffrey Palazzo WPC-1163 2026 2026 Santa Rita, Guam Under construction[170][171]
Marvin Perrett WPC-1164 2027 Under construction[34][55]
TBD WPC-1165 2028 Under contract[38]
TBD WPC-1166 2028 Under contract[41]
TBD WPC-1167 2028 Under contract[41]
TBD WPC-1168 Planned[16]
TBD WPC-1169 Planned[16]
TBD WPC-1170 Planned[16]
TBD WPC-1171 Planned[16]
TBD WPC-1172 Authorized[43]
TBD WPC-1173 Authorized[43]
TBD WPC-1174 Authorized[43]
TBD WPC-1175 Authorized[43]
TBD WPC-1176 Authorized[43]
TBD WPC-1177 Authorized[43]

Operational histories

[edit]
Video was released when USCGC William Trump conducted a 20-hour pursuit of a high-speed 35 ft (11 m) center console boat stolen from Fort Myers, Florida, in December 2015.[172][173]

Press coverage of the vessels' operational histories suggests they have been effective at interdicting refugees who resort to dangerous overloaded small boats, and effective at capturing drug smugglers.[174][175][176][177][178]

The cutters have intercepted smugglers carrying large shipments of drugs.[179] In February 2017 Joseph Napier intercepted a shipment of over four tons of cocaine, reported to be the largest drug-bust in the Atlantic Ocean since 1999.

Cutters are given tasks like looking for shipping containers full of toxic cargo that have fallen from container ships, as USCGC Margaret Norvell did in December 2015, when 25 containers fell from the barge Columbia Elizabeth.[180][181] Similarly, Charles Sexton helped search for the freighter El Faro when she was lost at sea during Hurricane Joaquin in October 2015.[182]

In 2018 and 2019 Oliver Berry and Joseph Gerczak made voyages beyond the design range, on missions from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands and American Samoa.[183][184] Both voyages took nine days.

In August 2022, one of the ships in the Sentinel class, Oliver Henry, was stuck in the Solomon Islands after the country's government failed to respond to a fuel request.[185]

In February 2024, Clarence Sutphin Jr. intercepted a shipment of weaponry on its way to the Houthi militia in the Red Sea.[186]

Namesakes

[edit]

Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard, is credited with leading the initiative of naming the vessels after enlisted rank individuals who served heroically in the Coast Guard or one of its precursor services.[187] Originally, the first vessel of the class was to be named USCGC Sentinel.[188]

In October 2010 the Coast Guard named the first fourteen individuals the vessels will be named after, and has provided biographies of them. [189][190][191] They are: Bernard C. Webber, Richard Etheridge, William Flores, Robert Yered, Margaret Norvell, Paul Clark, Charles David Jr, Charles Sexton, Kathleen Moore, Joseph Napier, William Trump, Isaac Mayo, Richard Dixon, Heriberto Hernandez. A second group of eleven names was announced on April 2, 2014.[192][failed verification]

In 2013 the name of Joseph Napier was reassigned to WPC-1115 when WPC-1110 was named after the recently deceased Commander Raymond Evans. The other ten new namesakes were: Winslow W. Griesser, Richard H. Patterson, Joseph Tezanos, Rollin A. Fritch, Lawrence O. Lawson, John F. McCormick, Bailey T. Barco, Benjamin B. Dailey, Donald R. Horsley, and Jacob L. A. Poroo. The 17th cutter (ex-USCGC Richard Patterson) was renamed as Donald Horsley after request of the Patterson Family, and the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC Donald Horsley) then was renamed as Oliver Berry.

In July 2014, Coast Guard Commandant Paul Zukunft announced that the Coast Guard would name an additional cutter after Senior Chief Petty Officer Terrell Horne, the first Coast Guard member to be murdered in the line of duty since 1927.[193][194][195]

In February 2015, the Coast Guard publicized ten more names tentatively assigned to cutters 26 through 35.[196] They were: Joseph Gerczak, Richard T. Snyder, Nathan Bruckenthal, Forrest O. Rednour, Robert G. Ward, Terrell Horne III, Benjamin A. Bottoms, Joseph O. Doyle, William C. Hart, and Oliver F. Berry.

In December 2017, the Coast Guard announced the names of the 35th through 54th cutters.[197] The twenty namesakes are: Angela McShan, Daniel Tarr, Edgar Culbertson, Harold Miller, Myrtle Hazard, Oliver Henry, Charles Moulthrope, Robert Goldman, Frederick Hatch, Glen Harris, Emlen Tunnell, John Scheuerman, Clarence Sutphin, Pablo Valent, Douglas Denman, William Chadwick, Warren Deyampert, Maurice Jester, John Patterson, and William Sparling. The 35th cutter (ex-USCGC Oliver Berry) is to be named as Angela McShan since the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC Donald Horsley) was renamed as Oliver Berry.

In October 2019, the Coast Guard named the namesakes of cutters 55 through 64. They are: Melvin Bell, David Duren, Florence Finch, John Witherspoon, Earl Cunningham, Frederick Mann, Olivia Hooker, Vincent Danz, Jeffrey Palazzo, and Marvin Perrett.[198]

Notes

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References

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