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Shaughnessy playoff system

The Shaughnessy playoff system is a method of determining the champion of a sports league that is not in a divisional alignment.

The system involves the participation of the top four teams in the league standings in a single elimination tournament to determine the championship. The first round of the playoffs could involve the pairing of the first- and fourth-place teams in one contest (whether it be a single game or a series of games) and the second- and third-place teams in the other, or the first- and third-place teams in one semifinal round and the second- and fourth-place teams in the other – either is considered a variant of the Shaughnessy system. In either case, the semifinal winners would then compete for the league championship.

The Shaughnessy playoff system was first used in 1933, having been implemented by and named after Frank Shaughnessy, the general manager of the Montreal Royals minor league baseball team of the International League. After its successful implementation by the International League, the popularity of the new postseason format spread to other baseball leagues, including to the Texas League in 1933 and to the Western Baseball League, Evangeline League, and Southern Association in 1935.

Shaughnessy had proposed his system and several others as a means of maintaining public interest deeper into the baseball season, since when the championship was decided on win–loss record alone, public interest tended to decrease once a winner was clear. At the time in baseball and other sports within the United States of America, playoffs were uncommon except to determine a champion between the winners of different divisions; but playoffs among teams from the same division were had been adopted in the National Hockey League. Based on what he had seen in the NHL, Shaughnessy proposed three different systems before the one which now bears his name was adopted.

In the 1940s, the Shaughnessy system spread to other sports. The All-America Football Conference, which used the Shaughnessy playoff system in 1949, the last season of the league's existence, and the American Association minor American football league used the format in five of its championship seasons during that decade.

In the Original Six era of the National Hockey League (1942–1967), the circuit adopted a Shaughnessy playoff system (first place vs. third place and second place vs. fourth place) in which the paired teams played in a best-four-of-seven-games series with the winners advancing to the Stanley Cup championship round.

In NCAA college basketball, one Division I conference uses a Shaughnessy playoff for its postseason tournaments for men and women. The Ivy League launched postseason tournaments for both sexes in the 2016–17 season; the top four teams in the regular-season conference standings advance to a Shaughnessy tournament (also using 1–4 and 2–3 semifinal pairings) at a predetermined site. The winners receive the Ivies' automatic berths in the NCAA men's and women's tournaments.

More recently, the Shaughnessy playoff system has been adopted outside of North America. In English rugby union, the format is currently used to determine the winner of the Premiership, and from 2012–13 through to 2016–17 was also used in the second-level RFU Championship to determine the team to be promoted to the Premiership. The Premiership and Championship formats differ only in the number of games contested—the Premiership playoff uses one-off matches, while all matches in the Championship playoff were two-legged. The Premier 15s, launched in autumn 2017 as the new top flight of English women's rugby, uses the same playoff format as the Premiership. The Celtic League in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, now known as Pro14, adopted a system identical to that of the Premiership starting in 2009–10, the season before that league expanded to include two teams from Italy. The Shaughnessy system was replaced by a six-team playoff when two South African sides joined the league in 2017–18, bringing it to its current 14-team roster.

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