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Northeastern Katë dialect
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 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (October 2024) |
| Northeastern Katë | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Region | Nuristan, Kunar, Chitral |
Native speakers | 1,500 (Pakistani speakers only) (2003)[1][2] |
| Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bsh |
| Glottolog | kati1270 |
Northeastern Katë is a dialect of the Katë language spoken by the Kata in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. It also includes the so-called Shekhani dialect spoken in Chitral district of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.[3]
There are several subdialects spoken in the upper Landai Sin Valley. It is also spoken in Chitral District, in Gobor and the upper Bumboret Valley in Pakistan.
Innovations
[edit]According to Halfmann (2024), the primary innovations of the Northeastern dialect include secondary vowel length from monophthongization of vowel + v, a progressive suffix -t-, and epenthesis of original *tr and *dr clusters.
Orthography
[edit]In August 2022, Pakistani linguist, Rehmat Aziz Chitrali proposed a keyboard to Khowar Academy, Chitral.[4]
History
[edit]Speakers of Eastern Katë dialects migrated from Kamdesh in Nuristan in modern-day Afghanistan to Lutkuh Valley in Chitrali Princely State in British Raj during the 19th century.[5] Most speakers in Pakistan speak either Pashto or Khowar as a second language. Many native speakers often marry the minority Pashtuns in the area.[6]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | |||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | d͡ʐ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | ʃ | ʂ | ɕ | (x) | h |
| voiced | v | z | (ʒ) | ʐ | ʑ | (ɣ) | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | (ɽ) | ||||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | ||||||
| central | ɻ | (j) | ||||||
- Sounds /ʒ ɽ ɣ/ occur from neighboring languages. /f x/ are borrowed from loanwords mainly from Khowar or Yidgha.
- /ʈ/ can also be heard as an allophone [ɽ].
- [j] is heard as an allophone of /i/.
- /v/ can also be heard as bilabial [β] or a labial approximant [w].
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ə | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
- Mid /ə/ can be heard as a close central [ɨ].
Vocabulary
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]| Person | Direct | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | sg. | ũ, ũċ | ĩ, yẽ |
| pl. | imú | ||
| 2nd | sg. | tyu | tu |
| pl. | šo | ||
Numbers
[edit]- e, ev
- dyu
- tëre
- štëvó
- puč
- ṣu
- sut
- uṣṭ
- nu
- duċ
- yaníċ
- diċ
- tëríċ
- šturéċ
- pčiċ
- ṣeċ
- stiċ
- ṣṭiċ
- neċ
- vëċë́
Further reading
[edit]- Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Universität zu Köln.
References
[edit]- ^ Frawley, William J. (1 May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977178-3 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Writing System for Shekhani Language being developed". Pakngos.com.pk. 15 April 2021.
- ^ "Experts work to develop writing system in Shekhani language". Chitraltoday.net. 15 April 2021.
- ^ Chitrali, Rehmat Aziz. "Shekhani Keyboard". Keyman. Khowar Academy.
- ^ "Linguistic Diversity, Multilingualism and Social Empowerment in Northern Pakistan" (PDF). Linguapax.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross (25 July 1992). "Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral". National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University – via Google Books.
- Grjunberg, Aleksandr L. (1980). Jazyk Kati: Teksty, Grammatičeskij Očerk. Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsija Vostočnoj Literatury.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Strand, Richard F. (1973). Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages. Journal of the American Oriental Society.
- Strand, Richard F. (2010). "Nurestâni Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (2011). "Kâtʹa-vari Lexicon". Retrieved 22 November 2020.
External links
[edit]
- Strand, Richard F. (1997–2013). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The kâtʹa, kʹom, mumʹo, kṣtʹo, biniʹo, ǰâmčʹo, and ǰâšʹa". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (1998). "The kâtʹa". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (2011). "Kâtʹa-vari Lexicon". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Strand, Richard F. (2011). "The Sound System of Kt'ivřâ·i vari". Retrieved 16 January 2012.