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Silverback Gorilla
Silverback Gorilla
Silverback Gorilla
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Silverback Gorilla
Studio album by
Sheek Louch
ReleasedMarch 18, 2008 (2008-03-18)
Recorded2007–2008
GenreHip hop
Length59:32
Label
Producer
Sheek Louch chronology
After Taxes
(2005) 		Silverback Gorilla
(2008) 		Life on D-Block
(2009)
Singles from Silverback Gorilla
  1. "Good Love"
    Released: October 30, 2007
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllHipHopStarStarStarStarStarStarHalf star[1]
AllMusicStarStarStarStar[2]
HipHopDX3.5/5[3]
PopMatters7/10[4]
RapReviews7/10[5]

Silverback Gorilla is the third solo studio album by American rapper Sheek Louch. It was released on March 18, 2008, via D-Block Records and Koch Records. Production was handled by Vinny Idol, Mr. Devine, Red Spyda, Soul G., Dame Grease, DJ Montay, Doc Little, J. Cardim, Marcus D'Tray, StreetRunner and The Knocks. It features guest appearances from The Lox, Bun B, Fat Joe, Hell Rell, Jim Jones, Mike Smith, The Bully, The Game and Unk.

In the United States, the album debuted at number 41 on the Billboard 200, number 8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, number 5 on the Top Rap Albums and number 3 on the Independent Albums, selling 17,818 copies in its first week.[6] The following week it dropped to No. 86 with 7,900 copies sold.[7]

Its lead single "Good Love" made it to number 66 on both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, and number 21 on both the Hot Rap Songs and Rap Airplay charts.

A sequel to the album titled Silverback Gorilla 2 was released in 2015.

Track listing

[edit]
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Lottery" (Skit)Sean Jacobs 0:31
2."Think We Got a Problem" (featuring Bun B and The Game)
The Knocks3:36
3."Keep Pushin'" (featuring Mike Smith)
  • Jacobs
  • Michael R. Smith
  • Joshua Marcus
Marcus D'Tray3:42
4."Good Love"
Red Spyda3:18
5."D-Block/Dipset" (performed by The Lox, Hell Rell and Jim Jones)
Mr. Devine4:00
6."We at War"
  • Jacobs
  • Nicholas Warwar
StreetRunner4:07
7."Scrap to This"
  • Jacobs
  • Randy Ousley
Vinny Idol3:19
8."Don't Be Them"
  • Jacobs
  • Gerald Stevens
  • Michael R. Little
  • Soul G.
  • Doc Little
3:40
9."Gettin' Stronger" (performed by The Lox)
  • Jacobs
  • Styles
  • Phillips
  • Stevens
  • Lamonte Quarles
  • James Looby
  • Soul G.
  • Lamonte & Butch (co.)
3:37
10."That's a Soldier"
  • Jacobs
  • Ousley
Vinny Idol3:12
11."What What" (featuring The Bully)
Dame Grease3:42
12."We Comin'" (featuring Unk)
DJ Montay4:31
13."Crowd" (Skit)Jacobs 0:43
14."We Spray Crowds"
  • Jacobs
  • Lunnon
Mr. Devine3:44
15."Rubber Grip" (featuring Fat Joe and Styles P)
J. Cardim3:32
16."2 Turntables & a Mic"
  • Jacobs
  • Thelusma
Red Spyda2:56
17."Mic Check"
  • Jacobs
  • Ousley
Vinny Idol3:51
18."Go Hoodlums"
  • Jacobs
  • Ousley
Vinny Idol3:31
Total length:59:32
Sample credits
  • Track 4 contains a sample of the composition "Tonight Is the Night" by Betty Wright.
  • Track 6 contains elements of the composition "Danger Zone" written by Antonio Bentivegna and Giovanni D'Orazio.
  • Track 7 contains elements of the composition "The Great Pretender" by The Platters.

Charts

[edit]
Chart (2008) Peak
position
US Billboard 200[8] 41
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[9] 8
US Top Rap Albums (Billboard)[10] 5
US Independent Albums (Billboard)[11] 3

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Silverback Gorilla

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A silverback gorilla is the mature adult male of the genus , distinguished by the silvery-gray hair that grows along its back and hips upon reaching , typically between 12 and 15 years of age. These males serve as the leaders and protectors of their social groups, known as troops, which usually consist of 5 to 30 individuals including females, juveniles, and sometimes subordinate males. Silverbacks are renowned for their immense physical strength and imposing presence, standing up to 1.75 meters (5 feet 9 inches) tall when upright and weighing between 135 and 220 kilograms (300 to 485 pounds), making them the largest living . Physically, silverbacks exhibit robust builds with broad chests, long muscular arms longer than their legs, prominent brow ridges, and a on the that anchors powerful jaw muscles. Their dark skin is covered in black to brown-gray fur, except for the silver that signifies maturity, and they possess large canines for display and defense. In behavior, silverbacks organize daily activities such as foraging and nesting, mediate conflicts within the troop, and defend against external threats through intimidating displays like chest-beating, roaring, and charging, though they are generally peaceful unless provoked. They lead cohesive family units where they mate with multiple females, ensuring the group's survival and cohesion. Silverback gorillas inhabit the dense forests of , with silverbacks (Gorilla gorilla gorilla and G. g. diehli) found in the rainforests of central and , while silverbacks (Gorilla beringei beringei and G. b. graueri) occupy higher-altitude montane and bamboo forests in the and beyond. Despite their formidable nature, all populations face severe threats, with western lowland gorillas classified as critically endangered and mountain gorillas as endangered by the IUCN, primarily due to , , and diseases like . Conservation efforts, including protected areas and anti-poaching initiatives, have shown some population increases for mountain gorillas—for example, to over 1,000 individuals as of 2024—but overall numbers remain perilously low, estimated at approximately 316,000 western gorillas and 5,000 in the wild as of 2023 assessments, though recent sources suggest lower figures for western populations.

Taxonomy and Etymology

Definition and Terminology

A silverback gorilla is defined as an adult male gorilla that has attained , usually at or beyond 12 years of age, marked by the emergence of distinctive silvery-gray hair forming a saddle-like pattern across its back and hips. This coloration arises from hormonal changes associated with maturity, particularly elevated testosterone levels, and serves as a primary visual cue for distinguishing mature males from younger blackback males, who range from 8 to 12 years old and exhibit uniformly dark without the silver sheen. The development of this hair typically begins around the onset of and becomes fully prominent by full adulthood, signaling readiness for roles in social units. The nomenclature "silverback" directly derives from this characteristic grayish-white pelage on the dorsal region, a trait that contrasts sharply with the black body hair common to all at younger ages. The term was first recorded in 1963. The Gorilla was first scientifically described in 1847 by Thomas S. Savage and Jeffries Wyman based on specimens from , documenting physical variations including hair patterns. Prior to maturity, males are termed blackbacks to reflect their lack of silvering, while post-maturity, the silverback designation underscores their physiological and social distinction. In contrast to female gorillas, which maintain dark throughout their lives without developing silver hair and are not given specialized age-based beyond "adult female," silverbacks embody the mature across all four gorilla subspecies. This emphasizes physical markers over behavioral ones, though silverbacks often assume protective in troops.

Classification within

The silverback gorilla, referring to the mature adult male, is classified within the Gorilla in the family , which encompasses the great apes including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. This comprises two extant species: the (Gorilla gorilla) and the (Gorilla beringei), both of which feature silverbacks as the dominant mature males in their social groups. The name Gorilla derives from the "Γόριλλαι" (Gorillai), used by (c. 500 BC) to describe a tribe of hairy women encountered during his voyage along the African coast, later applied by Western explorers to the apes. The classification reflects the close phylogenetic relationship among hominids, with gorillas diverging from the human-chimpanzee lineage approximately 7-9 million years ago based on estimates. Silverbacks occur across all recognized subspecies of gorillas. In the western gorilla species, they are found in the (G. g. gorilla), inhabiting lowland forests in , and the (G. g. diehli), a rarer confined to the Nigeria-Cameroon border region. For the species, silverbacks are present in the mountain gorilla (G. b. beringei), adapted to high-altitude habitats in the Virunga and Bwindi regions, and the (G. b. graueri), distributed in the of Congo's lowlands. These distinctions, established through morphological, genetic, and geographic analyses, highlight the within the while confirming the ubiquitous role of silverbacks in each population. The silverback trait—characterized by silvery-gray hair on the back—represents a secondary sexual characteristic that evolves as a signal of male maturity and dominance, typically emerging around 12-15 years of age when males reach full physical development. This dimorphic feature likely arose through pressures favoring displays that deter rivals and attract mates, as evidenced by correlations between such traits and in wild populations. Genetic underpinnings involve polygenic factors influencing hormone-regulated maturation, though specific markers remain under study in comparative .

Physical Characteristics

Morphology and Appearance

The silverback gorilla derives its name from the distinctive silver-gray hair that develops on its back and hips, typically beginning around 12-15 years of age as the male reaches sexual maturity. This coloration forms a contrasting "saddle" against the predominantly black to dark brown fur covering the rest of the body, creating a visually striking pattern that highlights the animal's mature status. The hair itself is coarse and dense, providing protection and aiding in thermoregulation within forested environments. Structurally, silverbacks exhibit a pronounced —a bony ridge running along the midline of the —that serves as an attachment point for the large temporal muscles powering their jaws. Facial characteristics include prominent, continuous brow ridges that project over the eyes, contributing to a robust and intimidating profile, along with large, sharp canines measuring up to 5 cm in length. Their build is characterized by thick, leathery skin and heavily muscled frames, emphasizing a powerful and solid physique adapted for life in dense vegetation. Subspecies variations further diversify their appearance, particularly in hair length and density. Silverback mountain gorillas, for example, possess longer, silkier fur than western or eastern lowland individuals, an that offers enhanced insulation against the cold temperatures and wet conditions of high-altitude habitats exceeding 2,000 meters. This morphological trait underscores the ' adaptability across diverse ecological niches.

Size, Weight, and Strength

Silverback gorillas, the mature adult males of the species, exhibit pronounced in their physical build, making them the largest after humans. When standing upright, they typically measure between 1.65 and 1.75 meters in height, with an ranging from 2.3 to 2.6 meters that facilitates their quadrupedal locomotion and arboreal capabilities. Their body weight generally falls within 135 to 220 kilograms, with the heaviest recorded wild silverback weighing 219 kg (483 lb), a specimen shot in Alimbongo, northern Kivu in May 1938. In captivity, gorillas have reached higher weights around 263 kg or more, often due to diet and lack of activity. In comparison to adult females, silverbacks are approximately 1.5 to 2 times heavier—females averaging 68 to 90 kilograms—and stand 20 to 30% taller, often reaching 1.4 . This disparity is supported by a denser structure and greater muscle mass in males, adaptations that enhance their role within social groups. The strength of silverbacks is remarkable relative to humans, estimated at roughly 4 to 10 times greater in upper body power, with common claims (often attributed to Guinness World Records) suggesting they can lift up to 815 kg (1,800 lb) of dead weight. This enables them to manipulate heavy for and provides the power needed for territorial defense through displays. Their robust musculature, anchored to prominent sagittal crests on the , supports a powerful bite estimated at around 1,300 PSI, adapted for processing tough and intimidating displays. These traits are further adapted for on the ground and brachiation in trees. This physical prowess underscores their protective function in troops, deterring predators and rivals.
AspectSilverback MalesAdult Females
Height (standing)1.65–1.75 m~1.4 m
Arm Span2.3–2.6 m~2 m
Weight135–220 kg (wild record: 219 kg; captive up to 275 kg)68–90 kg

Social Structure and Role

Leadership in Gorilla Troops

The silverback gorilla functions as the alpha male and primary leader in gorilla social groups, known as troops, which are typically unimale (led by a single adult male) or multimale (containing multiple adult males, with the silverback as dominant). These troops generally comprise 5 to 30 individuals, including adult females, juveniles, and subordinate males, though multimale groups can occasionally exceed 30 members. In this leadership role, the silverback exercises authority over critical troop decisions, such as selecting migration routes to access food resources, choosing suitable nesting sites for nightly rest, and allocating access to foraging areas to ensure group sustenance. These choices reflect the silverback's responsibility for group cohesion and survival, often guided by environmental factors like vegetation availability in their . Dominance is established and maintained through aggressive challenges against rival males, including subordinate silverbacks or incoming challengers from outside the troop, which may involve physical confrontations or to prevent takeovers. Such challenges typically result in the replacement of the leader, with tenures averaging approximately 12 to 16 years in populations, with an estimated 15.7 years in the Virunga region and 12.1 years in Bwindi based on dominance termination rates. A notable example of long-term stability is provided by , a silverback in the of , who assumed dominance in 1991 at age 17 and led his troop until his death in 2009, maintaining control for 18 years despite regional threats like and conflict. This extended tenure, longer than the population average, highlights how effective dominance can foster troop persistence and growth, as observed in long-term studies of Virunga groups. Physical displays, such as chest-beating or charges, often reinforce the silverback's authority during these dominance interactions.

Interactions with Family Members

The silverback gorilla, as the dominant male in a troop, forms stable bonds with multiple unrelated adult females, typically numbering three to five, though groups can include up to ten in western lowland populations. These bonds are maintained through affiliative behaviors such as grooming, which strengthens social ties and reinforces the silverback's role in group cohesion. By providing protection against from rival males during intergroup encounters or female transfers, the silverback ensures the survival of existing offspring, a key factor in female attraction to his group. In western lowland gorillas, females may voluntarily transfer while pregnant without incurring , often due to prior mating with the incoming silverback, highlighting the protective dynamics of maintenance. In paternal interactions, silverbacks exhibit high tolerance toward juveniles and infants, regardless of paternity, through affiliative actions like grooming and close resting contact, which correlate with increased for the male. Direct care remains limited, with mothers handling most rearing, but silverbacks occasionally engage in play with offspring and mediate intra-female aggression by intervening or reducing it through their presence, thereby stabilizing . This indirect involvement helps juveniles develop while minimizing conflicts among females competing for resources or proximity to the silverback. In mountain gorillas, such tolerance extends to all young in the troop, fostering a protective environment that lowers infant mortality risks associated with group instability. Within multimale troops, common in about 40% of groups, subordinate blackback males assist the dominant silverback in protection duties, enhancing overall security against external threats. However, these subordinates may challenge the silverback for dominance, leading to tense dynamics where the dominant sires the majority (around 85%) of offspring while tolerating limited mating access for others, often with subadult females. Coalitions among subordinates are rare, but expulsions or dispersal occur when challenges escalate, with philopatric males sometimes inheriting upon the silverback's death. In western lowland gorillas, multimale groups are less frequent, and troops typically disband without a dominant silverback, underscoring the silverback's central role in maintaining multimale stability.

Behavior

Daily Routines and Foraging

Silverback gorillas, as dominant males in their troops, play a central role in directing the group's daily activities, leading movements through forested s to optimize opportunities and safety. In the wild, gorilla troops typically awaken around dawn, shortly after sunrise, initiating morning sessions that last several hours as the group travels and feeds on . Midday is dedicated to extended rest periods, often in shaded areas where social interactions occur, followed by afternoon and travel before constructing night nests at . This synchronized schedule allows the troop to cover daily distances of approximately 0.5 to 2 kilometers, depending on and availability, with silverbacks determining the path to minimize energy expenditure while accessing resources. Activity budgets in wild gorilla populations reveal that silverbacks and their troops allocate roughly 50% of daylight hours to feeding, 33% to resting, and about 7% to moving, with the remainder involving minimal social or other behaviors. Foraging dominates the routine, particularly in the early morning and late afternoon, as troops exploit patches of herbaceous , leaves, stems, and fruits in tropical forests. Adult silverbacks consume 18 to 34 kilograms of material daily to meet their high energetic needs, prioritizing high-nutrient items like young leaves and ripe fruits when available, while shifting to more fibrous fallback foods during . This selective feeding strategy reflects adaptations to varying habitat productivity, with troops showing greater frugivory (up to 35% fruit in diet) compared to the more folivorous mountain gorillas (primarily herbaceous ). Ecological adaptations among silverbacks include occasional tool use, though rare in the wild, to enhance efficiency in challenging environments. For instance, observations in populations have documented individuals using sticks to probe depth before crossing swampy areas, facilitating access to aquatic vegetation or safer travel routes. Such behaviors, while not routine, highlight in response to conditions, where dense undergrowth and seasonal fruit distribution influence daily patterns. Silverbacks' in these routines ensures the troop's cohesion during , balancing nutritional intake with rest to sustain group health.

Communication and Displays

Silverback gorillas employ a diverse vocal to communicate warnings, coordinate movements, and maintain social bonds within their groups. Researchers have identified at least 16 distinct vocalizations in mountain gorillas, including grunts for close-range coordination and contentment, roars to signal or territorial defense, and hooting combined with chest-beating to alert the of potential threats. These calls, produced primarily by the silverback, help synchronize group activities and deter rivals, with frequencies varying by context such as intergroup encounters. A prominent display behavior is chest-beating, where the silverback rises to a bipedal stance and rapidly drums its chest with cupped hands, creating a resonant audible over a kilometer away. This multimodal signal, often preceded by hooting and accompanied by , honestly conveys the male's body size and competitive , intimidating rivals without physical contact. Bluff charges further exemplify non-contact , involving explosive forward rushes, arm-swinging, vegetation-throwing, and head-thrusting, which escalate to a ritualized climax to assert dominance. These displays serve both intraspecific and interspecific functions, with silverbacks using them to resolve challenges among males and protect the troop from predators like leopards. In interspecific contexts, aggressive charges—99% of which are bluffs—allow the group to retreat safely while the silverback confronts the threat. Additionally, chemical signals via scent-marking reinforce territorial boundaries; silverbacks selectively deposit odors of varying intensity during high-tension inter-unit interactions or to signal status to potential female immigrants, adjusting based on social context.

Reproduction

Sexual Maturity and Mating

Male gorillas typically reach physical between 11 and 13 years of age, marked by the development of silver-gray on their backs and thighs, as well as the growth of prominent canines. This transformation is driven by a surge in testosterone levels, which influences fur pigmentation and secondary . Full social maturity, including the ability to achieve dominance and lead a , generally occurs later, between 15 and 20 years, when males often disperse to form or join groups. Gorilla mating follows a polygynous system, in which the dominant silverback has priority access to multiple females within . is opportunistic and occurs year-round, without a defined breeding season, as females exhibit subtle signs of estrus. The silverback mates preferentially with cycling adult females during their receptive period, which lasts 1-3 days within a 28- to 30-day . Silverbacks exhibit some mate-guarding behaviors, including occasional aggressive displays toward subordinate males, though these are limited in effectiveness as dominant males often tolerate subordinate matings in multimale groups. These dynamics contribute to group stability, where dominant males account for 47-83% of matings, with genetic paternity rates typically around 70-85% in populations.

Paternity and Offspring Care

In troops, the dominant silverback typically sires 70-85% of infants, with genetic analyses from long-term studies in the Virunga Volcanoes revealing that this figure reaches 85% in groups with 2-3 adult males and around 72% in larger multi-male groups, ensuring high paternity assurance during his tenure. However, tenure changes introduce significant risks, as incoming silverbacks often commit against unrelated young to accelerate female cycling, with observed mortality rates of up to 57% for infants in single-male groups following male replacement. This behavior underscores the silverback's role in paternity protection, as stable leadership minimizes such threats to his . Silverbacks contribute to offspring care primarily through indirect means, such as defending the troop from predators like leopards and rival males during intergroup encounters, which reduces overall infant mortality risks estimated at 20-37% from and . Direct interactions are less common; while occasional grooming and resting in contact with juveniles occur—particularly among males who affiliate indiscriminately with all infants to boost their —carrying young is rare and typically left to mothers. These affiliative behaviors, observed in wild populations monitored over decades, correlate with higher siring rates, as males in the top affiliation tertile sire up to 5.5 times more than those avoiding infants. The silverback's presence profoundly influences juvenile life cycles, as his death frequently triggers troop dissolution or hostile takeovers, leading to elevated mortality among dependent young. In such cases, first-year infant survival drops sharply, with overall rates around 50% in unstable groups due to predation, starvation, and infanticide during transitions. This vulnerability highlights the silverback's critical role in maintaining group cohesion, as orphaned juveniles face substantially higher risks of dispersal or death without paternal protection.

Conservation Status

Threats to Silverbacks

Silverback , the dominant adult males in gorilla troops, face severe threats that undermine their leadership roles and overall population viability. Habitat loss, primarily driven by for and , has significantly reduced available areas and fragmented gorilla ranges, leading to increased human-wildlife conflict and isolation of troops. Since the early 1990s, several gorilla , including eastern gorillas, have lost more than half of their due to these activities in . This reduction, estimated at around 50% for troop ranges in affected regions, limits the mobility of silverbacks as they guide their groups through dense forests, exacerbating nutritional stress and vulnerability to other dangers. Ongoing civil conflicts in the further intensify and risks for silverback-led groups. Poaching poses a direct and targeted risk to silverbacks, who are often hunted for or trophies because of their large size and prominent displays, making them more visible to hunters than other members. In the , where western lowland s predominate, commercial hunting for has decimated populations, with silverbacks particularly susceptible as their removal can destabilize entire s. Illegal snares and firearms are commonly used, resulting in intentional kills or accidental injuries that impair their protective duties. For instance, the loss of a silverback often leads to group disintegration, as they serve as the cohesive bond for family units. Diseases represent another critical threat, with silverbacks showing heightened susceptibility due to their central role in troop defense and close interactions with humans. virus outbreaks have caused mortality rates of up to 95% in affected populations, wiping out large numbers in the since the 1990s and leaving surviving silverbacks to lead diminished groups. Additionally, human pathogens like () have proven lethal to western lowland gorillas, with captive cases confirming respiratory illness and fatalities. Stress from further compromises immune responses, as proximity to visitors within 3 meters triggers elevated levels and self-scratching behaviors in silverbacks, increasing disease vulnerability. also poses an emerging threat by altering high-altitude habitats and food availability, potentially increasing stress on silverback troops.

Conservation Efforts

Conservation efforts for silverback gorillas, as the dominant adult males in their troops, emphasize habitat protection, population monitoring, and international regulatory frameworks to ensure the viability of gorilla across their ranges. As of 2025, the mountain gorilla population is approximately 1,063 individuals, while western lowland gorillas number around 316,000, reflecting some stability in larger populations but ongoing declines in others. Key initiatives focus on establishing and maintaining protected areas, where measures have significantly bolstered populations. For instance, in the of Congo safeguards approximately 350 mountain , contributing to the global mountain gorilla population exceeding 1,000 individuals primarily within the Virunga , , and adjacent reserves; eastern lowland gorillas number around 5,000 in eastern DRC lowlands. Intensive patrols in these areas have led to substantial declines in illegal activities; in the Virunga region, such efforts reduced gorilla snare incidents from 24 cases in 2006 to near zero by 2014, though patrols continue to address persistent poaching threats as of 2025. Similarly, in nearby (), patrols have achieved an approximately 85% drop in poaching and illegal logging as of 2022, directly supporting silverback-led troops by minimizing human-wildlife conflicts. Research and monitoring programs play a crucial role in sustaining silverback gorilla populations through and funding mechanisms. Organizations like the promote gorilla for , which generates revenue to support and habitat restoration; permits in the Virunga region alone contribute millions annually to conservation, funding patrols that protect silverback territories. Genetic studies further assess subspecies viability, revealing that eastern gorillas, including those led by silverbacks, exhibit lower and higher compared to western counterparts, yet demonstrate resilience through in protected areas. These analyses inform targeted interventions to prevent genetic bottlenecks, ensuring long-term for silverback-dominated groups. On the international front, the listing of all gorilla species in Appendix I since 1977 has prohibited commercial trade, reducing poaching pressures on silverbacks for and trophies. Reintroduction programs have also seen success, particularly for western lowland gorillas; the Aspinall Foundation has rewilded over 75 individuals since 1987 in Congo and , achieving post-release survival rates exceeding 80% and successful reproduction in sanctuaries and zoos. These efforts bolster silverback integration into wild troops, enhancing and troop stability in fragmented habitats.

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  57. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/behaviour/articles-behaviour/der-einfluss-von-touristen-auf-berggorillas/
  58. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/gorilla/mountain-gorilla
  59. https://virunga.org/wildlife/primates/mountain-gorillas/
  60. https://www.africangorilla.com/information/mountain-gorilla-population/
  61. https://gorillafund.org/uncategorized/new-approaches-to-anti-poaching-show-success/
  62. https://www.facebook.com/TheNewTimesRwanda/posts/poaching-and-illegal-logging-have-drastically-reduced-by-85-percent-in-the-volca/5001707316604979/
  63. https://gorillafund.org/
  64. http://igcp.org/tourism/
  65. https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php
  66. https://www.aspinallfoundation.org/gabon/
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