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Snoqualmie people
The Snoqualmie people (Lushootseed: sdukʷalbixʷ) are a Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people indigenous to the Snoqualmie Valley, located in east King and Snohomish counties in the state of Washington.
Today, they are enrolled in the federally recognized tribes: Snoqualmie Indian Tribe and Tulalip Tribes of Washington.
The name "Snoqualmie" is derived from the Lushootseed endonym of the Snoqualmie: sdukʷalbixʷ. The name is composed of a root, √dukʷ, and the suffix =albixʷ, meaning "people of." The name was traditionally the name for the Snoqualmie River and all related villages located on it, not the name of a united ethnic group as it is today.
The etymology of the root is contested. According to the Snoqualmie Tribe, the name means "people of the moon," with the root √dukʷ referring to dukʷibəɬ, the Changer, and the highest god in traditional Snoqualmie religion. Another possible etymology is that the name means "worthless people," with the homonymic root word √dukʷ meaning "worthless," the name a result of the coast dwelling peoples low opinion of the inland Snoqualmie. It has also been proposed that the root √dukʷ may instead have the connotation of "fearless," resulting in the name meaning "fearless people," which is a more likely meaning than "worthless people," according to linguists Dawn Bates and Thom Hess.
Snoqualmie has also historically been spelled many ways, including Snoqualmu, Snoqualmoo, Snoquelolmi, Snoqualmick, Snoqualamuke, Snoqualmi, and Snuqualmi.[citation needed]
Today, there are many places which carry the Snoqualmie name, including Snoqualmie, Washington, the Snoqualmie River, Snoqualmie Falls, Snoqualmie Pass, and the Snoqualmie Valley.
Around the beginning of the colonial period in the early 19th century, the Snoqualmie experienced a massive increase in slave raids targeting them from northern peoples. The Snoqualmie began to rapidly expand their own military capabilities. Patkanim, a prominent Snoqualmie leader during the 19th century, began to create several systems to defend the Snoqualmie and centralize his own power. He later led the Snoqualmie on several raids against the U.S. government and for a time was one of the main resistors of U.S. influence in the region.
In 1855, the Snoqualmie were party to the signing of the Point Elliott Treaty at Muckilteo (Lushootseed: bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ). Fourteen Snoqualmie men signed the treaty. "Chiefs" and "subchiefs" were arbitrarily assigned to be representative of various tribes and subgroups, which solidified the power of singular men, leaving out other traditional community leaders. Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens' policy was to amalgamate as many independent groups into as few tribes as possible to make the signing of treaties easier. Prior treaties made with other groups in the area had negotiated with each independent village and were signed by all adult men, rather than just a few assigned chiefs.
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Snoqualmie people
The Snoqualmie people (Lushootseed: sdukʷalbixʷ) are a Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people indigenous to the Snoqualmie Valley, located in east King and Snohomish counties in the state of Washington.
Today, they are enrolled in the federally recognized tribes: Snoqualmie Indian Tribe and Tulalip Tribes of Washington.
The name "Snoqualmie" is derived from the Lushootseed endonym of the Snoqualmie: sdukʷalbixʷ. The name is composed of a root, √dukʷ, and the suffix =albixʷ, meaning "people of." The name was traditionally the name for the Snoqualmie River and all related villages located on it, not the name of a united ethnic group as it is today.
The etymology of the root is contested. According to the Snoqualmie Tribe, the name means "people of the moon," with the root √dukʷ referring to dukʷibəɬ, the Changer, and the highest god in traditional Snoqualmie religion. Another possible etymology is that the name means "worthless people," with the homonymic root word √dukʷ meaning "worthless," the name a result of the coast dwelling peoples low opinion of the inland Snoqualmie. It has also been proposed that the root √dukʷ may instead have the connotation of "fearless," resulting in the name meaning "fearless people," which is a more likely meaning than "worthless people," according to linguists Dawn Bates and Thom Hess.
Snoqualmie has also historically been spelled many ways, including Snoqualmu, Snoqualmoo, Snoquelolmi, Snoqualmick, Snoqualamuke, Snoqualmi, and Snuqualmi.[citation needed]
Today, there are many places which carry the Snoqualmie name, including Snoqualmie, Washington, the Snoqualmie River, Snoqualmie Falls, Snoqualmie Pass, and the Snoqualmie Valley.
Around the beginning of the colonial period in the early 19th century, the Snoqualmie experienced a massive increase in slave raids targeting them from northern peoples. The Snoqualmie began to rapidly expand their own military capabilities. Patkanim, a prominent Snoqualmie leader during the 19th century, began to create several systems to defend the Snoqualmie and centralize his own power. He later led the Snoqualmie on several raids against the U.S. government and for a time was one of the main resistors of U.S. influence in the region.
In 1855, the Snoqualmie were party to the signing of the Point Elliott Treaty at Muckilteo (Lushootseed: bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ). Fourteen Snoqualmie men signed the treaty. "Chiefs" and "subchiefs" were arbitrarily assigned to be representative of various tribes and subgroups, which solidified the power of singular men, leaving out other traditional community leaders. Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens' policy was to amalgamate as many independent groups into as few tribes as possible to make the signing of treaties easier. Prior treaties made with other groups in the area had negotiated with each independent village and were signed by all adult men, rather than just a few assigned chiefs.