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Socialization of animals
Socialization of animals is the process of training animals so that they can be kept in close relationship to humans.
The critical period of socialization begins at approximately three weeks of age and continues until about twelve to fourteen weeks, after which puppies enter the juvenile stage of development. During this period, puppies form social bonds, explore their environment, and develop appropriate fear responses. Habituation to environmental stimuli also occurs at this stage, allowing puppies to perceive common sights, sounds, smells, and tactile experiences as non-threatening. Experiences during this period have a lasting influence on temperament and behaviour.
It is critical that human interaction takes place frequently and calmly from the time the puppies are born, from simple, gentle handling to the mere presence of humans in the vicinity of the puppies, performing everyday tasks and activities. As puppies mature, regular exposure to other dogs, people, and environments facilitates effective socialization. Dogs that are well socialized early in life are generally less likely to develop aggression or fear-related behaviours.
The cognitional development of puppies can be affected when the critical period of socialization is disrupted. Physiological consequences of this period not occurring can lead to puppies maturing to adults who are not able to react appropriately to new environments, situations or people. Inadequate socialization during early development may contribute to behavioural problems, including aggression, avoidance behaviours, fear-based responses, and excessive vocalization such as persistent barking. It is estimated that one in four adult dogs have at least one behavioural problem. Dogs are the animal which is typically the most closely attached to humans, developing tightly wound relationships with people. Therefore, it is crucial for the safety of both parties that there is adequate training in place.
Dogs experience socialization through the critical period of socialization in two main types: active and passive. Active implies the intended socialization of humans introducing their puppy to something/someone new (i.e. at obedience class or a ride in the car). Active puppy socialization focuses on creating positive emotional associations with new experiences rather than simply increasing the number of exposures. However, passive involves socialization of the puppy to something/someone new in which they have done so unintentionally themselves (i.e. insects found in the backyard while exploring or items found while running around the house).
Dogs will often learn two ways; by association and consequence. Learning by association is classified as classical conditioning, while learning by consequence is called operant conditioning. With puppy socialization, classical conditioning involves pairing something they love with something within the environment. Additionally, operant conditioning involves the puppy learning to do something to achieve getting what they want. These two learning types can occur simultaneously with a puppy having the ability to learn both an internal and external response to a stimulus. In contrast, a puppy can also demonstrate methods of actively avoiding a situation they do not enjoy.
The researchers, Fox and Stelzner did a socialization experiment on puppies of the same species. The major finding of this experiment is the fact that the puppies weaned from the mother at a later age (12 weeks) have better socialization skills. This proves that the beginning of a puppy's life is a very important time for socialization and will affect their social tendencies for the rest of their lives.
Hennessey, Morris, and Linden conducted a socialization experiment using inmates as handlers of the shelter dogs being studied. These researchers found that the dogs in the experimental group did not jump on and bark at unfamiliar humans as much as the dogs in the control group did. The socialized dogs also showed to be more responsive to commands than did the dogs in the control group. The researchers believe that through more effective socialization, more dogs can be adopted from shelters.
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Socialization of animals
Socialization of animals is the process of training animals so that they can be kept in close relationship to humans.
The critical period of socialization begins at approximately three weeks of age and continues until about twelve to fourteen weeks, after which puppies enter the juvenile stage of development. During this period, puppies form social bonds, explore their environment, and develop appropriate fear responses. Habituation to environmental stimuli also occurs at this stage, allowing puppies to perceive common sights, sounds, smells, and tactile experiences as non-threatening. Experiences during this period have a lasting influence on temperament and behaviour.
It is critical that human interaction takes place frequently and calmly from the time the puppies are born, from simple, gentle handling to the mere presence of humans in the vicinity of the puppies, performing everyday tasks and activities. As puppies mature, regular exposure to other dogs, people, and environments facilitates effective socialization. Dogs that are well socialized early in life are generally less likely to develop aggression or fear-related behaviours.
The cognitional development of puppies can be affected when the critical period of socialization is disrupted. Physiological consequences of this period not occurring can lead to puppies maturing to adults who are not able to react appropriately to new environments, situations or people. Inadequate socialization during early development may contribute to behavioural problems, including aggression, avoidance behaviours, fear-based responses, and excessive vocalization such as persistent barking. It is estimated that one in four adult dogs have at least one behavioural problem. Dogs are the animal which is typically the most closely attached to humans, developing tightly wound relationships with people. Therefore, it is crucial for the safety of both parties that there is adequate training in place.
Dogs experience socialization through the critical period of socialization in two main types: active and passive. Active implies the intended socialization of humans introducing their puppy to something/someone new (i.e. at obedience class or a ride in the car). Active puppy socialization focuses on creating positive emotional associations with new experiences rather than simply increasing the number of exposures. However, passive involves socialization of the puppy to something/someone new in which they have done so unintentionally themselves (i.e. insects found in the backyard while exploring or items found while running around the house).
Dogs will often learn two ways; by association and consequence. Learning by association is classified as classical conditioning, while learning by consequence is called operant conditioning. With puppy socialization, classical conditioning involves pairing something they love with something within the environment. Additionally, operant conditioning involves the puppy learning to do something to achieve getting what they want. These two learning types can occur simultaneously with a puppy having the ability to learn both an internal and external response to a stimulus. In contrast, a puppy can also demonstrate methods of actively avoiding a situation they do not enjoy.
The researchers, Fox and Stelzner did a socialization experiment on puppies of the same species. The major finding of this experiment is the fact that the puppies weaned from the mother at a later age (12 weeks) have better socialization skills. This proves that the beginning of a puppy's life is a very important time for socialization and will affect their social tendencies for the rest of their lives.
Hennessey, Morris, and Linden conducted a socialization experiment using inmates as handlers of the shelter dogs being studied. These researchers found that the dogs in the experimental group did not jump on and bark at unfamiliar humans as much as the dogs in the control group did. The socialized dogs also showed to be more responsive to commands than did the dogs in the control group. The researchers believe that through more effective socialization, more dogs can be adopted from shelters.