A spar is a marine structure, used for floating oil/gas platforms. Named after navigation channel Spar buoys, spar platforms were developed as an extreme deepwater alternative to conventional platforms.[1] The deep draft design of spars makes them less affected by wind, wave, and currents and allows for both dry tree and subsea production.
A spar platform consists of a large-diameter, vertical buoyant cylinder(s) supporting a deck. Spars are permanently anchored to the seabed by a spread mooring system composed of either a chain-wire-chain or chain-polyester-chain configuration.[2] The cylinder comprises a number of tanks; the lowest contains ballast, mid-water and/or extracted oil, the upper, air for buoyancy.[3] Helical strakes are fitted to larger & more recent designs to mitigate the effects of vortex-induced motion.
There are three primary types of spars; classic, truss, and cell:
Cylinders are either buoyancy only, or subdivided into buoyancy and ballast.
The first spar platform was the Brent Spar. Designed for storage and offloading of crude oil products, it was installed on the UK's Brent Field in June 1976. Shell's attempted deep sea disposal of the platform in the 1990s created a massive environmental backlash by Greenpeace. The spar was eventually dismantled, with ballast used as a foundation for a quay in Norway.[4]
The first spar platform designed for production was the Neptune spar, located in the Gulf of Mexico, and was installed in September 1996 by Kerr McGee.[5]
The first, and thus far unique, cell-spar platform was Kerr-McGee's Red Hawk spar (7 ea. 8 m (26 ft) diameter cells).[6] Field-depletion occurred 4 years after production started, so Red Hawk was decommissioned in 2014 under the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement's "Rigs-to-Reefs" program, at which time it was the deepest floating platform to be decommissioned.[7]
The world's deepest production platform is Perdido, a truss spar in the Gulf of Mexico, with a mean water depth of 2,438 m (7,999 ft). It is operated by Royal Dutch Shell and was built at a cost of $3 billion.[8]
