Syrian Front for Liberation

The Syrian Front for Liberation (Arabic: الجبهة السورية للتحرير, romanized: Jabhat al-Suriya lil-Tahrir) was a Syrian opposition faction operating within the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, formed by the Mu'tasim Division, the Hamza Division, the Sultan Suleiman Shah Division (al-Amshat), the 20th Division, and the Northern Hawks Brigade on 9 September 2021. The front soon began to fracture after its formation, with the Northern Hawks Brigade and 20th Division having withdrawn by 14 October and the Sultan Suleiman Shah Division by 2 November.

The Azm Operations Room was formed in the areas of Azaz and Afrin under auspice of Turkey's National Intelligence Organization (MİT) in mid-July 2021 by the Levant Front and the Sultan Murad Division, with the Hamza Division, Sultan Malik Shah Division, Ahrar al-Sharqiya Division, Jaysh al-Sharqiya, and Jaysh al-Islam later joining. The Levant Front blocked the Sultan Suleiman Shah Division (al-Amshat) from joining the operations room, although it later also joined.

By 23 August 2021, the Hamza Division, al-Amshat, and Northern Hawks Brigade had withdrawn from the Azm Operations Room, which led to the Levant Front surrounding the camps of Hamza and al-Amshat in Hawar Kilis and threatening to attack the three groups if they do not rejoin the operations room.

The Syrian Front for Liberation was then formed, also under orders from the MİT, as a counter to the Azm Operations Room. The founding ceremony of the SFL took place on 9 September in the center of al-Bab. Muhammad al-Jassim (Abu Amsha), leader of al-Amshat, refused to attend the ceremony, and instead sent his brother, prompting the leadership of the SFL to threaten to expel him.

While the leadership of the front emphasizes the complete integration of the five groups under a unified leadership, Firas Faham, an Istanbul-based researcher, said they're still separate. A freelance journalist based in the region also said that "These formations are only for show and they are not united in reality. Each faction still has its own leaders and members who do not take orders from the leaders of other factions. These formations only aim to protect themselves. Whenever factions feel threatened, they form new military bodies to protect themselves, but once the threat is gone, the formations fall apart."

During the founding ceremony of the Syrian Front for Liberation on 9 September 2021, Mutasim Abbas, leader of the Mutasim Division, was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Front, and Hamza Division leader Sayf Bulad as the deputy commander. Mutasim Division political leader Mustafa Sejari became the leader of the Front's political office.

On 4 October 2021, the group announced the appointment of Mahmoud al-Boushi as its overall commander in the regions of north-central and northeastern Syria captured during the 2019 offensive, with Khalil Khayriyah as his deputy. In addition, Colonel Ibrahim Daas al-Harbi was appointed the commander of the eastern sector of the region, Major Muhammad Riad Noura as commander of the Ras al-Ayn sector, and Nour Tlass as commander of the Tell Abyad sector.

In addition to its five founding member groups, the Special Forces Division led by Abdullah Halawa joined the Front on 28 September 2021. The Division was formed during the northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020) and consists of 1,550 fighters spread across the Idlib and Aleppo governorates, Tell Abyad, and Ras al-Ayn, with its largest force concentrated in Idlib with 800 fighters. Halawa was previously a military commander of the Hamza Division before he broke away to form the Special Forces Division.