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Tondaimandalam
Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam, also known as Toṇḍai Nāḍu, is a historical region located in the northernmost part of Tamil Nadu and southernmost part of Andhra Pradesh. Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 kottams — smaller districts by kurumbar king and also build a royal fort(pulhal) .the kottams are subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called nadus, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At the beginning of the historical period, the kottams were mostly pastoral. The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the legendary kingdom of Athondai Chakravarti. The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the river basins of Penna River and Ponnaiyar River. During the reign of Rajaraja I, this region was called as Jayankonda Cholamandalam.
In general, the region of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam comprised the drainage basins of three main river systems: the Arani in the north, the Kortallaiyar in the middle, and the Palar-Cheyyar-Veghavati system in the south. The northern border of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was roughly around Pulicat Lake, while its southern border was somewhere north of the Peṇṇai river.
Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam also included the Perumbāṇappāḍi chieftaincy in the northwest. South of Perumbāṇappāḍi, a portion of the region known as Pangaḷanaḍu was also included as part of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. To the southwest, south of Pangaḷanaḍu, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the Vāṇakōppāḍi chieftaincy. In the south, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the region of Naḍuvilnāḍu.
In today's terms, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam covers the Nellore, Chittoor, North and South Arcot and Chingleput districts of the Andhra and Madras states Chennai was part of the region.
The core area covers the present day areas of Nellore, Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya, Vellore, Ranipet, Tirupattur, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, and Chennai districts of modern-day Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Historically, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 kōṭṭams — smaller districts that were further subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called nāḍus, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At the beginning of the historical period, the kōṭṭams were mostly pastoral, but they gradually became more agricultural over time. From the 7th through the 12th centuries in particular, the number of attested nāḍus in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam steadily increases, corresponding with an expansion in irrigation works in the area.
Although Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was stated (in later records) to have 24 kōṭṭams, only 22 are actually attested from contemporary sources (the number 24 may just be a "conventional" one). The 22 known kōṭṭams of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam are as follows:
Neolithic burial urns, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the very dawn of the common era have been discovered near Mamallapuram. The area was part of the Dravida kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata. It then came under the rule of Early Cholas during first century CE with the capital of Tondai Nadu as Kanchipuram. Historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar and the Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of South Indian History Congress note: The word Tondai means a creeper and the term Pallava conveys a similar meaning. In the 3rd century CE, Tondai Nadu was ruled by Ilandiraiyan, the first king with the title "Tondaiman", whom P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar identifies with a Pallava prince. Pallavas moved southwards, adopted local traditions to their own use, and named themselves as Tondaiyar after the land called Tondai.[self-published source?] The medieval Pallavas ruled Andhra and Northern Tamil Nadu, from the 4th to the 9th centuries, with their seat of capital at ancient Kanchipuram.
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Tondaimandalam
Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam, also known as Toṇḍai Nāḍu, is a historical region located in the northernmost part of Tamil Nadu and southernmost part of Andhra Pradesh. Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 kottams — smaller districts by kurumbar king and also build a royal fort(pulhal) .the kottams are subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called nadus, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At the beginning of the historical period, the kottams were mostly pastoral. The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the legendary kingdom of Athondai Chakravarti. The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the river basins of Penna River and Ponnaiyar River. During the reign of Rajaraja I, this region was called as Jayankonda Cholamandalam.
In general, the region of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam comprised the drainage basins of three main river systems: the Arani in the north, the Kortallaiyar in the middle, and the Palar-Cheyyar-Veghavati system in the south. The northern border of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was roughly around Pulicat Lake, while its southern border was somewhere north of the Peṇṇai river.
Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam also included the Perumbāṇappāḍi chieftaincy in the northwest. South of Perumbāṇappāḍi, a portion of the region known as Pangaḷanaḍu was also included as part of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. To the southwest, south of Pangaḷanaḍu, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the Vāṇakōppāḍi chieftaincy. In the south, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the region of Naḍuvilnāḍu.
In today's terms, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam covers the Nellore, Chittoor, North and South Arcot and Chingleput districts of the Andhra and Madras states Chennai was part of the region.
The core area covers the present day areas of Nellore, Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya, Vellore, Ranipet, Tirupattur, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, and Chennai districts of modern-day Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Historically, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 kōṭṭams — smaller districts that were further subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called nāḍus, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At the beginning of the historical period, the kōṭṭams were mostly pastoral, but they gradually became more agricultural over time. From the 7th through the 12th centuries in particular, the number of attested nāḍus in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam steadily increases, corresponding with an expansion in irrigation works in the area.
Although Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was stated (in later records) to have 24 kōṭṭams, only 22 are actually attested from contemporary sources (the number 24 may just be a "conventional" one). The 22 known kōṭṭams of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam are as follows:
Neolithic burial urns, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the very dawn of the common era have been discovered near Mamallapuram. The area was part of the Dravida kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata. It then came under the rule of Early Cholas during first century CE with the capital of Tondai Nadu as Kanchipuram. Historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar and the Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of South Indian History Congress note: The word Tondai means a creeper and the term Pallava conveys a similar meaning. In the 3rd century CE, Tondai Nadu was ruled by Ilandiraiyan, the first king with the title "Tondaiman", whom P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar identifies with a Pallava prince. Pallavas moved southwards, adopted local traditions to their own use, and named themselves as Tondaiyar after the land called Tondai.[self-published source?] The medieval Pallavas ruled Andhra and Northern Tamil Nadu, from the 4th to the 9th centuries, with their seat of capital at ancient Kanchipuram.
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