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Tony Sale
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Tony Sale
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Tony Sale with the rebuilt Colossus computer
A team led by Tony Sale began a reconstruction of a Colossus computer at The National Museum of Computing.

Anthony Edgar Sale (30 January 1931 – 28 August 2011) was a British electronic engineer, computer programmer, computer hardware engineer, and historian of computing. He led the construction of a fully functional Mark 2 Colossus computer between 1993 and 2008.[1][2] The rebuild is exhibited at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park in England.[3]

Life

[edit]

He was educated at Dulwich College in south London,[4] During his adolescence he built George the robot out of Meccano, and continued working on it until it reached a fourth version in 1949, when it was given much media coverage.[5][6] Sale joined the Royal Air Force in 1949, serving until 1952. During his three years in the RAF, Sale gained a commission and reached the rank of Flying Officer. He was an instructor at RAF Officers Radar School at RAF Debden.[6] Sale worked as an engineer for MI5 under Peter Wright in the 1950s.[4]

Between 1992 and 2007, Sale and volunteers rebuilt a functioning replica of the Colossus (computer) Mark II which is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park.[7][8]

Sale and his wife Margaret had three children and seven grandchildren. Margaret continued as a volunteer guide at the museum for many years after Tony's death.

Work

[edit]

Sale worked with Marconi Research Laboratories, was technical director of the British Computer Society and managed the Computer Restoration Project at the Science Museum.[9]

After becoming interested in computers, he joined the British Computer Society (BCS) in 1965 as Associate Member, being elected to Member in 1967, Fellow in 1988 and Honorary Fellow in 1996. He was elected to the Council of the BCS for the period 1967–70. In 1965, was a founder member of the Bedfordshire branch of the BCS and was named chairman in 1979.[9]

In 1989, Sale was appointed a senior curator at the Science Museum in London and worked with Doron Swade to restore some of the museum's computer holdings.[4] He was part of the group that started the Computer Conservation Society in 1989 and was associated with the Bletchley Park Trust from 1992 onwards.[10] In 1991, he joined the campaign to save Bletchley Park from housing development.

In 1992, he was secretary to the newly formed Bletchley Park Trust, later unpaid museums director in 1994.[9] In 1993 he started the Colossus Rebuild Project, inaugurated in 1994,[11] to build a functioning replica of the Colossus computer developed and built by Tommy Flowers at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill in 1943.

Sale lectured on wartime code breaking in the UK, Europe and the US. He was technical adviser for the 2001 film Enigma.[12]

Sale's web site, Codes and Ciphers in the Second World War is a source of information on aspects of World War II code breaking. His booklet Colossus 1943–1996[13] outlines the breaking of the German Lorenz cipher and his remarkable rebuilding of the Colossus computer.

Front view of the Colossus rebuild showing, from right to left (1) The "bedstead" containing the message tape in its continuous loop and with a second one loaded. (2) The J-rack containing the Selection Panel and Plug Panel. (3) The K-rack with the large "Q" switch panel and sloping patch panel. (4) The double S-rack containing the control panel and, above the image of a postage stamp, five two-line counter displays. (5) The electric typewriter in front of the five sets of four "set total" decade switches in the C-rack.[14][15]

Honours

[edit]

As a result of his Colossus rebuild work,[7] Sale was awarded the Comdex IT Personality of the Year for 1997.[16] He also received the 2000 Royal Scottish Society of Arts Silver Medal.[17]

After his death, the British Computer Conservation Society established in 2012 the Tony Sale Award for Computer Conservation and Restoration. It comprises a trophy and a travel bursary.[18]

In September 2019, Sale was posthumously awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the National Museum of Computing.[19]

References

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Tony Sale

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Tony Sale is a British engineer and computer conservationist known for leading the reconstruction of Colossus, the world's first large-scale electronic programmable computer, originally developed during World War II to break German Lorenz ciphers. Working with limited surviving evidence including declassified photographs and wartime documents, he directed a volunteer team over 14 years to rebuild a functional Mark II Colossus, completed in 2007 and now operational at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park. Sale co-founded the Computer Conservation Society in 1989 and played a pivotal role in the campaign to preserve Bletchley Park from redevelopment in the early 1990s, helping transform the site into a major heritage center focused on computing and code-breaking history. He also served as the museum's first unpaid director and curator, providing daily demonstrations of the rebuilt Colossus until his death in 2011. His earlier career included service as a radar instructor in the Royal Air Force, scientific work at MI5 alongside Peter Wright, leadership of engineering teams in industry, and founding several software companies in the 1960s and 1970s. Sale's efforts in computer restoration and historical preservation earned him two honorary doctorates and the Silver Medal of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts in 2000, cementing his legacy as a key figure in documenting and reviving Britain's pioneering role in electronic computing.

Early life

Early life and education

Anthony Edgar Sale was born on 30 January 1931. From an early age he demonstrated a gift for mathematics and engineering, alongside a talent for tinkering and building mechanical devices. Sale was educated at Dulwich College in south London, where he excelled in science and history and obtained his highers in the sciences and history. There was no money for university, so he did not pursue higher education immediately after leaving school. As a child and teenager Sale pursued his interest in robotics and mechanics. At the age of 12 he built a primitive robot using Meccano parts, the first of several he constructed. In 1950, at the age of 19, he created a life-size radio-controlled robot named George, assembled from parts of a Wellington bomber fuselage and capable of shuffling along on castor-powered feet; it attracted widespread interest in newspapers and cinema newsreels.

Career

Professional career and MI5 service

Tony Sale began his professional career with national service in the Royal Air Force from 1949 to 1952, where he was commissioned as a Flying Officer and served as an instructor at the RAF Officers Radar School at RAF Debden. After completing his service, he joined Marconi's Research Laboratories in 1952 as a research assistant, working on stabilised power supplies and Q Band Doppler Radar in collaboration with engineer Peter Wright. In 1957, Sale joined MI5 as a Scientific Officer during the height of the Cold War, rising to Principal Scientific Officer by the time he left in 1963. He worked closely with Peter Wright, specializing in radio interception and direction finding, and together they equipped a van with radio detection equipment to locate clandestine Russian communications stations in London. Following his departure from MI5, Sale led feasibility studies on weapon systems at Hunting Engineering Ltd from 1963 to 1968, managing a team of six staff members. He then founded Alpha Systems Ltd in 1968, a computer software company that grew to 25 employees and £200,000 turnover before entering liquidation in 1980. In the 1980s, he established Angusglow Ltd to market a COBOL compiler and Qufaro Software Ltd to develop METASYS, a meta-language-driven system builder for IBM PC, though the latter lacked sufficient funding to reach market. Sale served as a consultant and later staff member for the British Computer Society from 1986 to 1989, initially coordinating a president's study group on the society's future and then implementing its recommendations as Technical Co-ordinator. From 1989 to 1993, he was employed at the Science Museum in London as manager of the Computer Restoration Project, restoring the Ferranti Pegasus, Elliott 803, and DEC PDP-8 to working order.

Bletchley Park involvement

Restoration and museum work at Bletchley Park

Tony Sale was instrumental in the preservation and transformation of Bletchley Park into a heritage site and museum complex dedicated to its World War II code-breaking history. In 1991, upon discovering that the property, then owned by BT, faced potential demolition for redevelopment, he launched a campaign to save the site and co-founded the Bletchley Park Trust in 1992, serving as its secretary. This initiative mobilized support from figures including Prime Minister John Major, leading to the establishment of a charitable trust that secured the site through private benefactions and Heritage Lottery Fund support. In 1993, Bletchley Park opened to the public as a museum under Sale's leadership as its first curator, a role he held while also serving as the unpaid Director of the Bletchley Park Museum from 1994 and as the first Museums Director from 1993 to 1999. He set up the museums to commemorate the wartime code-breaking achievements that contributed significantly to the Allied effort. On 18 July 1994, HRH The Duke of Kent formally opened the Bletchley Park Museums, marking a key milestone in the site's restoration as a public heritage attraction. Sale also co-founded The National Museum of Computing (TNMOC) at Bletchley Park to preserve and exhibit the UK's historical computing heritage, with the museum becoming a central element in the site's ongoing restoration and educational mission. His efforts helped transform the former code-breaking headquarters from a site at risk of loss into a major museum and tourist destination focused on its wartime significance.

Colossus reconstruction

Leadership of the Colossus rebuild project

Tony Sale initiated and led the Colossus Rebuild Project starting in 1993, driven by his determination to reconstruct a fully functional Mark II Colossus computer despite extremely limited surviving documentation, consisting primarily of eight wartime photographs from 1945 and fragmentary circuit diagrams. He personally gathered and analyzed these sources, later receiving essential wartime notes and circuit diagrams from original Colossus engineer Allen Coombs in June 1994, which proved vital to the effort. Sale and his wife Margaret provided the initial funding by opening a project bank account in July 1994, and HRH The Duke of Kent formally inaugurated the work that same month in Bletchley Park's Block H. As the principal driving force and hands-on leader, Sale performed much of the early design, construction, wiring, and commissioning himself before coordinating a growing team of volunteer engineers, including Cliff Horrocks as project manager from 1995, David Stanley for extensive rewiring, and others such as John Pether and Bob Alexander. Under his direction, the project achieved progressive milestones: the bedstead paper tape reader was built and produced first electrical signals by Christmas 1994; a basic two-track version demonstrated Lorenz wheel setting on real cipher text by early 1996, when the Duke of Kent switched on the partial machine on the D-Day anniversary; and after deciding to target the more advanced Mark II configuration in late 1996, the team commissioned key components like thyratron rings and the distinctive K-rack switch panel. Despite challenges including the destruction of original mechanical drawings, sourcing thousands of obsolete valves, and a major logic allocation error requiring six months of rewiring in 2002, Sale guided the team to reliable five-track tape reading and successful algorithm counts on wartime BREAM cipher text by late 2003. The project reached a major milestone on 20 May 2004, when Sale filmed the rebuilt Mark II successfully setting all five K wheels on authentic cipher text, followed by a public commemoration at the Science Museum on 1 June 2004 marking the 60th anniversary of the original machine's first run. Described by Sale as "reverse engineering, squared" and "bloody difficult," the reconstruction resulted in a working machine exhibited at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park, an institution he co-founded, preserving the historical significance of Colossus for public education and research.

Film and television contributions

Technical consulting and media appearances

Tony Sale provided technical expertise to several media projects focused on the history of codebreaking and early computing. He served as a script adviser for the 2001 feature film Enigma, ensuring historical accuracy in its portrayal of Bletchley Park's wartime activities. He also acted as a script adviser for numerous documentary series covering similar topics. Sale appeared as an on-camera expert in several television documentaries. In the 1999 PBS NOVA program Decoding Nazi Secrets, he explained the technical complexity of the Enigma machine, including its rotor wiring, plugboard settings, and the astronomical number of possible configurations that made it appear unbreakable. He contributed similar detailed commentary on German cipher procedures and the cryptanalytic challenges faced at Bletchley Park. Additionally, he featured in the Channel 4 series Station X, which documented the work at Bletchley Park. Beyond on-screen appearances, Sale engaged extensively in public education through lectures and interviews. He delivered hundreds of talks across the UK, Europe, and the USA describing the Colossus reconstruction project and the broader history of wartime computing. The Colossus rebuild attracted widespread media interest, resulting in coverage across television, radio, and newspapers. He also recorded instructional videos and podcasts detailing the Lorenz cipher and the technical aspects of Colossus operation.

Personal life and death

Family, later years, and death

Tony Sale was married to Margaret, who shared his passion for Bletchley Park and served as a volunteer and stalwart there. Together they personally funded the early stages of the Colossus reconstruction project before external support was secured. The couple had three children, and by the time of his death they had seven grandchildren. In his later years, Sale never fully retired and remained deeply involved with Bletchley Park and the preservation of computing history. Following the completion of the Colossus rebuild in 2007, he conducted daily demonstrations of the machine at The National Museum of Computing, where he enthusiastically answered questions from visitors. He continued to deliver lectures on the Colossus project and acted as a script adviser for documentaries as well as the 2001 film Enigma, staying active at Bletchley Park up to his final days. Tony Sale died unexpectedly on 28 August 2011 at the age of 80. He is survived by his wife Margaret, three children, and seven grandchildren.

Legacy

Legacy and recognition

Tony Sale is remembered as a pioneering figure in computer conservation and restoration, particularly for his leadership of the Colossus Rebuild Project, which constructed a fully functional replica of the wartime Colossus codebreaking machine and made it publicly accessible at The National Museum of Computing (TNMoC) at Bletchley Park. This effort, begun in 1994 and completed in 2007, has been credited with laying the foundation for much of the subsequent work of the Computer Conservation Society (CCS) and inspiring broader preservation initiatives in computing history. Sale's broader legacy includes co-founding the CCS and serving as a co-founding trustee of TNMoC in 2005, as well as his instrumental role in the 1991 campaign to prevent Bletchley Park's demolition and its conversion into a museum site. He is widely regarded as an inspirational leader in the field whose emphasis on operational reconstructions and public engagement through working machines continues to influence computer heritage projects worldwide. In recognition of his contributions, the CCS established the Tony Sale Award for Computer Conservation and Restoration in 2012 following his death in 2011. This international biennial award (with occasional delays) honors outstanding practical achievements in hardware and software preservation, with criteria including originality, ingenuity, impact, and outreach. It includes a trophy, £1,000 for the winning project, and a presentation ceremony at TNMoC, where recipients deliver technical lectures. Past winners include David Link (2012) for a computer art installation and the Computer History Museum (2014) for its IBM 1401 restoration, underscoring the award's role in perpetuating Sale's commitment to functional historic computing. During his lifetime, Sale received the Comdex IT Personality of the Year award in 1997 and the Silver Medal from the Royal Scottish Society of Arts in 2000 for his work in computing heritage.
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