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Transcript (education)

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Transcript (education)

In education, a transcript is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment history including all courses (or subjects) attempted, grades earned and degrees and awards conferred.

A transcript is sometimes referred to as a marksheet, marklist or report card.

In the United States, a transcript is also called Cumulative Record File (CRF), permanent record, or simply record.

In the European ECTS system, transcripts are called Transcript of Records (ToR).

In United States education, a transcript is a copy of a student's permanent academic record, which usually means all courses taken, all grades received, all honors received and degrees conferred to a student from the first day of school to the current school year for high school, college and university. A transcript may also contain the student’s rank in class and the accreditation of the institution issuing the transcript.

An official transcript is prepared and sent by the issuing school usually by the registrar with an original signature of a school official on the school letterhead and is sealed by the school. When students change schools, or seek admission to a college or university, the official transcript is usually mailed from school to school. Official transcripts can also be issued electronically through approved secure sites such as National Student Clearinghouse and Parchment. Transcripts usually consist of grades 9-12 when applying to college.

Colleges and universities which believe that they are owed money by a former student may "hold" the student's transcript until they are paid. This may mean that former student cannot resume their education elsewhere. Many colleges and universities will not allow a prospective student until receiving communication (in the form of a physical stamp or seal) that the prior school is satisfied with its debt collection. If the college or university discovers that an applicant lied on their college application, the college can rescind the offer of admission, can revoke the student's degree, if completed, and refuse the release of that student's transcripts.

In the United States, release of information from an official transcript without consent to a third party is prohibited by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. Alteration of a transcript is considered a felony in most states.

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