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Ukrainophilia
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Ukrainophilia
Ukrainophilia is the feeling or expression of interest in, respect for, and appreciation of Ukrainians on the part of a non-Ukrainian. More specifically, a Ukrainophile is someone who has a strong appreciation or affinity for Ukraine and the Ukrainian people, with an admiration for their language and literature, culture (art, music, cuisine, etc.), history, or government. The opposite sentiment is Ukrainophobia. Ukrainophilism also refers to the Ukrainian nationalist movement from the 1860s–1880s whereafter it acquired a negative connotation among the next generation of Ukrainian nationalists.
The term is most often used in a political context; Ukrainian nationalism and the associated assertion of Ukraine's distinct culture, history, and national rights, has historically been a core theme of the nation's cultural, social, and legal struggle against Russification and other manifestations of Russian imperialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukrainophile sentiment has become more widespread in the Western world due to Ukraine's strained relationship with Russia, culminating in the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and increasing significantly since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
The Ukrainophile movement developed among ethnic Ukrainian intellectuals in the Russian Empire and in Galicia, where it was also known as Narodovtsi, in the second half of the 19th century. Ukrainophiles sought to preserve and develop the Ukrainian language, literature and culture. They called for the introduction of the Ukrainian language in Ukrainian schools and the autonomy from the Russian Empire, that would allow for national self-determination of Ukrainians and free development of Ukrainian culture.
Ukrainophilia in the 19th century included various degrees of intensity, from the simple love of one's people all the way to passionate nationalism and independence.
The Ukrainophile movement in Russian literature led to the publishing of books and textbooks in the Ukrainian language. Ukrainophile intellectuals published a number of journals: Osnova in St. Petersburg (1861–62), Chernigovskiy Listok, Samostaine Slovo, Hromadnytsia, Pomyinytsia. They also sought to popularize the Ukrainian language by publishing pamphlets in Ukrainian. Ukrainophiles of the Russian Empire also created a network of Ukrainophile organizations, the most important of which were in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Poltava and Odesa, which actively sought to organize Ukrainian-language instruction in schools.
In the first half of the 19th century, many Ukrainophiles were also Polish nationalists, who sought to form the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, a reformed Poland-Lithuania with Ruthenia/Ukraine as a third coequal partner in the federation. After the 1830-31 Polish uprising against the Russian Empire, Polish Ukrainophiles and Ukrainians of Polish origins, seeking allies against Russia, played a major role in the Ukrainian cultural movements and fomented anti-Russian sentiment by referring to the Ukrainians as Rus' which they distinguished from Muscovy (Russia).
After the Russian Empire crushed the Polish uprising of 1863, the Russian government put intense pressure on the Ukrainophile movement (Valuyev Circular in 1863, Ems Ukaz in 1876), but the movement continued flaring up, especially in early 1870s and late 1880s. After the movement was repressed, most of its members turned their attention away from political organizing to literary work, such as creating Ukrainian dictionaries, writing Ukrainian books, developing the discipline of Ukrainian studies. The Ukrainophilism movement had a large bearing on the initially pacifist and pro-dialogue Ukrainian People's Republic established following the 1917 February Revolution, thus marking the start of the Ukrainian War of Independence, though it militarised in response to Bolshevik hostility following the October Revolution and the start of the Russian Civil War in which it would be defeated and Ukrainian lands partitioned in 1921 with the Treaty of Riga. During the Soviet period the Ukrainophile movement was characterized as a "burgeois-national" movement.
Ukrainophilia exists among the Ukrainian diaspora in Russia, North America and elsewhere.
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Ukrainophilia
Ukrainophilia is the feeling or expression of interest in, respect for, and appreciation of Ukrainians on the part of a non-Ukrainian. More specifically, a Ukrainophile is someone who has a strong appreciation or affinity for Ukraine and the Ukrainian people, with an admiration for their language and literature, culture (art, music, cuisine, etc.), history, or government. The opposite sentiment is Ukrainophobia. Ukrainophilism also refers to the Ukrainian nationalist movement from the 1860s–1880s whereafter it acquired a negative connotation among the next generation of Ukrainian nationalists.
The term is most often used in a political context; Ukrainian nationalism and the associated assertion of Ukraine's distinct culture, history, and national rights, has historically been a core theme of the nation's cultural, social, and legal struggle against Russification and other manifestations of Russian imperialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukrainophile sentiment has become more widespread in the Western world due to Ukraine's strained relationship with Russia, culminating in the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and increasing significantly since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
The Ukrainophile movement developed among ethnic Ukrainian intellectuals in the Russian Empire and in Galicia, where it was also known as Narodovtsi, in the second half of the 19th century. Ukrainophiles sought to preserve and develop the Ukrainian language, literature and culture. They called for the introduction of the Ukrainian language in Ukrainian schools and the autonomy from the Russian Empire, that would allow for national self-determination of Ukrainians and free development of Ukrainian culture.
Ukrainophilia in the 19th century included various degrees of intensity, from the simple love of one's people all the way to passionate nationalism and independence.
The Ukrainophile movement in Russian literature led to the publishing of books and textbooks in the Ukrainian language. Ukrainophile intellectuals published a number of journals: Osnova in St. Petersburg (1861–62), Chernigovskiy Listok, Samostaine Slovo, Hromadnytsia, Pomyinytsia. They also sought to popularize the Ukrainian language by publishing pamphlets in Ukrainian. Ukrainophiles of the Russian Empire also created a network of Ukrainophile organizations, the most important of which were in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Poltava and Odesa, which actively sought to organize Ukrainian-language instruction in schools.
In the first half of the 19th century, many Ukrainophiles were also Polish nationalists, who sought to form the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, a reformed Poland-Lithuania with Ruthenia/Ukraine as a third coequal partner in the federation. After the 1830-31 Polish uprising against the Russian Empire, Polish Ukrainophiles and Ukrainians of Polish origins, seeking allies against Russia, played a major role in the Ukrainian cultural movements and fomented anti-Russian sentiment by referring to the Ukrainians as Rus' which they distinguished from Muscovy (Russia).
After the Russian Empire crushed the Polish uprising of 1863, the Russian government put intense pressure on the Ukrainophile movement (Valuyev Circular in 1863, Ems Ukaz in 1876), but the movement continued flaring up, especially in early 1870s and late 1880s. After the movement was repressed, most of its members turned their attention away from political organizing to literary work, such as creating Ukrainian dictionaries, writing Ukrainian books, developing the discipline of Ukrainian studies. The Ukrainophilism movement had a large bearing on the initially pacifist and pro-dialogue Ukrainian People's Republic established following the 1917 February Revolution, thus marking the start of the Ukrainian War of Independence, though it militarised in response to Bolshevik hostility following the October Revolution and the start of the Russian Civil War in which it would be defeated and Ukrainian lands partitioned in 1921 with the Treaty of Riga. During the Soviet period the Ukrainophile movement was characterized as a "burgeois-national" movement.
Ukrainophilia exists among the Ukrainian diaspora in Russia, North America and elsewhere.
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