In mathematics, an unordered pair or pair set is a set of the form {a, b}, i.e. a set having two elements a and b with no particular relation between them, where {a, b} = {b, a}. In contrast, an ordered pair (a, b) has a as its first element and b as its second element, which means (a, b) ≠ (b, a) unless a=b.

While the two elements of an ordered pair (a, b) need not be distinct, modern authors only call {a, b} an unordered pair if a ≠ b. But for a few authors a singleton is also considered an unordered pair.^{[citation needed]} It is typical to use the term unordered pair even in the situation where the elements a and b could be equal, as long as this equality has not yet been established.^{[citation needed]}

A set with precisely two elements is also called a 2-set or (rarely) a binary set.^{[citation needed]}

In axiomatic set theory, the existence of unordered pairs is required by an axiom, the axiom of pairing.

More generally, an unordered n-tuple is a set of the form {a₁, a₂, ..., a_n}.