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Uprising of Bolotnikov
The Uprising of Bolotnikov, in Russian historiography called the Peasant War under the Leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov (Peasant Uprising), was a major peasant, Cossack, and noble uprising of 1606–1607 led by Ivan Bolotnikov and several other leaders. At the time of the highest point of the uprising (the Siege of Moscow in 1606), more than 70 cities in the south and center of Russia were under the control of the rebels.
By the end of the 16th century, serfdom was forming in Russia. The discontent of the peasants, caused by the intensification of feudal oppression, was expressed in the uprisings of the monastery peasants at the end of the 16th century, the mass exodus to the southern regions during the famine of 1601–1603. In 1603 there was a major uprising of slaves and peasants under the command of Khlopko Kosolap.
After the death of False Dmitry I, rumors spread around Moscow that it was not Dmitry who was killed in the palace, but someone else. These rumors made Vasily Shuisky's position very precarious. There were many dissatisfied with the boyar king, and they grabbed the name of Dmitry. Some – because they sincerely believed in his salvation; others – because only this name could give the fight against Shuisky a "legitimate" character.
The enslavement of the peasants, the introduction of the "fixed years" by Fyodor Ioannovich, political instability, hunger – as a result of this, the uprising was clearly anti-boyar.
In total, 30 thousand rebels took part in the March to Moscow. Thus, the uprising can be considered a civil war, since all sectors of society of that time participated. However, the participation of mercenary troops and the presence of aristocracy commanders and the fact that events occurred shortly after the fall of False Dmitry I implies the possibility of Polish intervention.
The Don Cossack Ivan Bolotnikov was a military servant of Prince Andrey Telatevsky. Returning through Europe from Turkish captivity, he was in Sambor (in the castle of Yuri Mnishek) introduced to a certain person who called himself "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich". Apparently, this was the adventurer Mikhail Molchanov, an associate of False Dmitry I, who had fled from Moscow and who now sent "royal letters" to the south of Russia, sealed with a gold tsar seal that he had stolen in Moscow. The letters announcing the imminent return of Tsar Dmitry were perceived by many as completely reliable. An experienced warrior, Bolotnikov was appointed "great governor" in Sambor and sent to Putivl to Prince Grigory Shakhovsky, who began to raise the Seversky Land against Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
Andrei Telyatevsky, the Chernigov governor, whom Bolotnikov had previously served, also sympathized with the uprising. Dozens of cities and fortresses in southwestern Russia began to quickly separate from Shuisky.
Tsar Shuisky sent troops led by governors Yuri Trubetskoy and Ivan Vorotynsky to fight the rebels. In August 1606, the army of Trubetskoy was defeated by the rebels in the battle of Kromy; in the battle of Yelets, the army of Vorotynsky was defeated. On October 3, 1606, Bolotnikov won the battle near Kaluga, where the main forces of the Shuisky army were concentrated.
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Uprising of Bolotnikov
The Uprising of Bolotnikov, in Russian historiography called the Peasant War under the Leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov (Peasant Uprising), was a major peasant, Cossack, and noble uprising of 1606–1607 led by Ivan Bolotnikov and several other leaders. At the time of the highest point of the uprising (the Siege of Moscow in 1606), more than 70 cities in the south and center of Russia were under the control of the rebels.
By the end of the 16th century, serfdom was forming in Russia. The discontent of the peasants, caused by the intensification of feudal oppression, was expressed in the uprisings of the monastery peasants at the end of the 16th century, the mass exodus to the southern regions during the famine of 1601–1603. In 1603 there was a major uprising of slaves and peasants under the command of Khlopko Kosolap.
After the death of False Dmitry I, rumors spread around Moscow that it was not Dmitry who was killed in the palace, but someone else. These rumors made Vasily Shuisky's position very precarious. There were many dissatisfied with the boyar king, and they grabbed the name of Dmitry. Some – because they sincerely believed in his salvation; others – because only this name could give the fight against Shuisky a "legitimate" character.
The enslavement of the peasants, the introduction of the "fixed years" by Fyodor Ioannovich, political instability, hunger – as a result of this, the uprising was clearly anti-boyar.
In total, 30 thousand rebels took part in the March to Moscow. Thus, the uprising can be considered a civil war, since all sectors of society of that time participated. However, the participation of mercenary troops and the presence of aristocracy commanders and the fact that events occurred shortly after the fall of False Dmitry I implies the possibility of Polish intervention.
The Don Cossack Ivan Bolotnikov was a military servant of Prince Andrey Telatevsky. Returning through Europe from Turkish captivity, he was in Sambor (in the castle of Yuri Mnishek) introduced to a certain person who called himself "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich". Apparently, this was the adventurer Mikhail Molchanov, an associate of False Dmitry I, who had fled from Moscow and who now sent "royal letters" to the south of Russia, sealed with a gold tsar seal that he had stolen in Moscow. The letters announcing the imminent return of Tsar Dmitry were perceived by many as completely reliable. An experienced warrior, Bolotnikov was appointed "great governor" in Sambor and sent to Putivl to Prince Grigory Shakhovsky, who began to raise the Seversky Land against Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
Andrei Telyatevsky, the Chernigov governor, whom Bolotnikov had previously served, also sympathized with the uprising. Dozens of cities and fortresses in southwestern Russia began to quickly separate from Shuisky.
Tsar Shuisky sent troops led by governors Yuri Trubetskoy and Ivan Vorotynsky to fight the rebels. In August 1606, the army of Trubetskoy was defeated by the rebels in the battle of Kromy; in the battle of Yelets, the army of Vorotynsky was defeated. On October 3, 1606, Bolotnikov won the battle near Kaluga, where the main forces of the Shuisky army were concentrated.