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Vienna Document
The Vienna Document is a series of agreements on confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) related to military resources among the states of Europe. The initial agreement was established in 1990, with subsequent updates in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011. The most recent version, the Vienna Document 2011, was adopted by 57 participating states of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), including the countries of Central Asia and Russia (for its territory west of the Ural Mountains). It defines its zone of application (ZOA) as encompassing "the whole of Europe, as well as the adjoining sea area and air space."
The Vienna Document was first adopted in 1990 as a compilation of confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) derived from the 1975 Helsinki Accords and the 1986 Stockholm Document. The Vienna Document on CSBMs and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) were regarded as parallel components of the peace process.
The Vienna Document was updated in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011.
The Vienna Document was regarded as a low priority in the West during the 2000s. Russia's suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in 2007 complicated negotiations for updating the Vienna Document.
The 2010 adoption of Vienna Document Plus, initiated by Russia, led to the Vienna Document 2011. Four Vienna Document Plus decisions, including prior notification of sub-threshold major military activities and adjustments to the length of air base visits, were added in 2012 and 2013.
Full updates to the Vienna Document ceased following the outbreak of the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War. However, the Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures remained in use during the first year of the conflict. By October 2014, 27 states had conducted 19 verification actions in Ukraine, while 11 states, including Ukraine, had conducted five verification actions in Russia. These measures were blocked in regions of Ukraine not controlled by the Ukrainian government.
During negotiations in 2016 and 2018, Western representatives sought to strengthen the Vienna Document, while Russian negotiators advocated for implementing the Vienna Document 2011 along with the subsequent Vienna Document Plus decisions.
In 2017, the OSCE described the Vienna Document, the CFE, and the Treaty on Open Skies as "a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments" that "together ... enhance predictability, transparency and military stability and reduce the risk of a major conflict in Europe."
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Vienna Document
The Vienna Document is a series of agreements on confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) related to military resources among the states of Europe. The initial agreement was established in 1990, with subsequent updates in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011. The most recent version, the Vienna Document 2011, was adopted by 57 participating states of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), including the countries of Central Asia and Russia (for its territory west of the Ural Mountains). It defines its zone of application (ZOA) as encompassing "the whole of Europe, as well as the adjoining sea area and air space."
The Vienna Document was first adopted in 1990 as a compilation of confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) derived from the 1975 Helsinki Accords and the 1986 Stockholm Document. The Vienna Document on CSBMs and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) were regarded as parallel components of the peace process.
The Vienna Document was updated in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011.
The Vienna Document was regarded as a low priority in the West during the 2000s. Russia's suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in 2007 complicated negotiations for updating the Vienna Document.
The 2010 adoption of Vienna Document Plus, initiated by Russia, led to the Vienna Document 2011. Four Vienna Document Plus decisions, including prior notification of sub-threshold major military activities and adjustments to the length of air base visits, were added in 2012 and 2013.
Full updates to the Vienna Document ceased following the outbreak of the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War. However, the Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures remained in use during the first year of the conflict. By October 2014, 27 states had conducted 19 verification actions in Ukraine, while 11 states, including Ukraine, had conducted five verification actions in Russia. These measures were blocked in regions of Ukraine not controlled by the Ukrainian government.
During negotiations in 2016 and 2018, Western representatives sought to strengthen the Vienna Document, while Russian negotiators advocated for implementing the Vienna Document 2011 along with the subsequent Vienna Document Plus decisions.
In 2017, the OSCE described the Vienna Document, the CFE, and the Treaty on Open Skies as "a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments" that "together ... enhance predictability, transparency and military stability and reduce the risk of a major conflict in Europe."