This timeline focuses on the controversies that arose from William Shockley's later-life pursuit of the genetic basis of intelligence and his controversial racial views.
Shift of Research Focus
Late 1960s
Shockley began to shift his research interests from semiconductor physics to the study of genetics and intelligence, particularly the role of heredity in racial differences in intelligence.
Published Research on Race and Intelligence
1969
Shockley began publishing papers and articles arguing that genetic factors were a primary determinant of racial differences in intelligence, sparking intense debate and criticism.
Public Debates and Lectures
1970s
Shockley engaged in numerous public debates and lectures on the topic of race and intelligence, often facing protests and opposition from civil rights groups and academics.
Advocacy for Eugenics
Advocacy for Eugenics
Shockley advocated for eugenic policies, including the voluntary sterilization of individuals with lower IQ scores, further intensifying the controversy surrounding his views.
Criticism from Scientific Community
Criticism from Scientific Community
Many scientists and academics criticized Shockley's research and conclusions, arguing that his work was based on flawed methodology and biased interpretations of data.
Defamation Lawsuits
Defamation Lawsuits
Shockley filed several defamation lawsuits against individuals and organizations that criticized his views, but these lawsuits were largely unsuccessful.
Continued Controversy
Continued Controversy
Despite the criticism and controversy, Shockley continued to defend and promote his views on race and intelligence until his death.
