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Xie of Shang
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Xie of Shang
Xie (Chinese: 契) family name Zi (子), was an ancient Chinese nobleman and ancestor of the kings of the Shang dynasty. He is the first known Shang ancestor and ruler of the Predynastic Shang. However, he is only mentioned in texts from after the Shang dynasty: He is not attested in oracle bone inscriptions.
In Records of the Grand Historian, he is given the family name Zi (子), matching those of Shang rulers in oracle bone inscriptions. In Guoyu, he is referred to by a leader of the State of Lu as the "Dark King" (玄王), referring to a legend in which he was born from a Xuanniao to found Predynastic Shang.
Later generations post-Zhou refer to Xie as E Bo (閼伯). Additionally, some transmitted texts will use the character (契) for his name, which can be read as qì, appearing in some translations.
Xie's consort(s) is unknown, but it is known he was a father of Zhao Ming of Shang and grandfather of Xiang Tu.
Xie's father was Emperor Ku, and Xie's brothers were Houji, Emperor Zhi and Emperor Yao. Xie's mother was one of Ku's consorts ‒ Jiang Yuan, Jiandi, Qingdu, or Changyi.
Xie allegedly served as Minister of Instruction (司徒) under Emperor Shun during the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period, who said the following:
帝舜乃命契曰：「百姓不親，五品不訓，汝為司徒而敬敷五教，五教在寬。」
Emperor Shun gave the order to Xie, saying: "The people are wanting in affection for one another, and do not observe the five orders of relationship. You, as Minister of Instruction, should reverently inculcate the lessons of duty belonging to those five orders, but do so with gentleness."
As Minister of Instruction, Xie was tasked with upholding the five teachings (五品 or 五教). While these were not mentioned in Sima Qian's records, they are attested in other texts. In Zuo Zhuan, specifically the 18th Year of Duke Wen, Zuo Qiuming states they are the following:
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Xie of Shang
Xie (Chinese: 契) family name Zi (子), was an ancient Chinese nobleman and ancestor of the kings of the Shang dynasty. He is the first known Shang ancestor and ruler of the Predynastic Shang. However, he is only mentioned in texts from after the Shang dynasty: He is not attested in oracle bone inscriptions.
In Records of the Grand Historian, he is given the family name Zi (子), matching those of Shang rulers in oracle bone inscriptions. In Guoyu, he is referred to by a leader of the State of Lu as the "Dark King" (玄王), referring to a legend in which he was born from a Xuanniao to found Predynastic Shang.
Later generations post-Zhou refer to Xie as E Bo (閼伯). Additionally, some transmitted texts will use the character (契) for his name, which can be read as qì, appearing in some translations.
Xie's consort(s) is unknown, but it is known he was a father of Zhao Ming of Shang and grandfather of Xiang Tu.
Xie's father was Emperor Ku, and Xie's brothers were Houji, Emperor Zhi and Emperor Yao. Xie's mother was one of Ku's consorts ‒ Jiang Yuan, Jiandi, Qingdu, or Changyi.
Xie allegedly served as Minister of Instruction (司徒) under Emperor Shun during the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period, who said the following:
帝舜乃命契曰：「百姓不親，五品不訓，汝為司徒而敬敷五教，五教在寬。」
Emperor Shun gave the order to Xie, saying: "The people are wanting in affection for one another, and do not observe the five orders of relationship. You, as Minister of Instruction, should reverently inculcate the lessons of duty belonging to those five orders, but do so with gentleness."
As Minister of Instruction, Xie was tasked with upholding the five teachings (五品 or 五教). While these were not mentioned in Sima Qian's records, they are attested in other texts. In Zuo Zhuan, specifically the 18th Year of Duke Wen, Zuo Qiuming states they are the following:
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