Yakutsk Oblast (Russian: Якутская область) is a historical oblast (province) within the Russian Empire and the RSFSR (until 1920). It corresponds with the modern day Sakha Republic. The administrative center was Yakutsk.

The region was located between 54° and 73° N latitude and 103° and 171° E longitude. It was bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean and to the west by the Yeniseysk Governorate.

In the southwest, Yakutsk Oblast bordered the Irkutsk Governorate; in the south, the Amur Oblast; in the southeast, the Primorskaya Oblast; and in the east, the Kamchatka Oblast. The area of Yakutsk Oblast, according to the calculations of Ivan Strelbitsky, was 3,489,689 square versts (about 368 million dessiatinas).

In terms of area, Yakutsk Oblast accounted for one-third of all Siberia and two-thirds of European Russia; it was the most extensive of all the oblasts and governorates of the Russian Empire. Despite several scientific expeditions, it remained sparsely explored.

After the founding of Yakutsk in 1632, the need arose to administratively assign the remote territories of Yakutia to the Russian state. In 1638, the Yakutsk uezd was formed.

In 1775, the Yakutsk uezd was transformed into the Yakutsk Province, and in 1784, it became the Yakutsk Region of the Irkutsk Governorate.

In 1805, the Yakutsk Oblast was separated from the Irkutsk Governorate.

According to the 'Institution for the Administration of the Siberian Provinces,' approved in 1822, the Yakutsk Oblast was divided into five uezds: Verkhoyansk, Vilyuisky, Olekminsky, Srednekolymsky, and Yakutsky.