Hubbry Logo
Yo-Yo intermittent testYo-Yo intermittent testMain
Open search
Yo-Yo intermittent test
Community hub
Yo-Yo intermittent test
logo
9 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Yo-Yo intermittent test
Yo-Yo intermittent test
Yo-Yo intermittent test
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Yo-Yo intermittent test is aimed at estimating performance in stop-and-go sports like football (soccer), cricket, basketball and the like. It was conceived around the early 1990s by Jens Bangsbo,[1] a Danish soccer physiologist, then described in a 2008 paper, "The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test".[2] Like many other tests of fitness, it involves running at ever-increasing speeds, to exhaustion. However, a crucial difference is that the Yo-Yo Intermittent test has periodic rest intervals, thus simulating the nature of exertion in stop-and-go sports.

The four tests

[edit]

There are four versions of the Yo-Yo Intermittent test:

  • Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). This is the most popular version focusing "on the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise leading to a maximal activation of the aerobic system".[3]
  • Recovery Level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2). This is a tougher version of "Recovery Level 1". It "determines an individual's ability to recover from repeated exercise with a high contribution from the anaerobic system.[3]"
  • Endurance Level 1 (Yo-Yo IE1). This may be used to test participants in less vigorous sports that usually last longer.
  • Endurance Level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2). This is a tougher version of "Endurance Level 1".

The tests, described below, are largely similar to each other in principle. Coaches and individuals are free to select the one that best suits their sport and the individuals they are training.

Basic features

[edit]

Set-up

[edit]

Yo-Yo Intermittent Test Track

All tests use the same 25-meter track (shown). Markers are placed at 0, 5 and 25 meters on a flat surface that has suitable traction to allow for significant acceleration and deceleration.

Procedure

[edit]

The set-up for all four versions is identical.[4] Prior to the test commencing, runners line up at the 5 m marker, facing the 25 m marker. Following a countdown, a double beep signals the start.

  1. Runners commence running towards the 25 m marker
  2. At or before the following beep, runners must reach the 25 m marker. Touching with a single foot is acceptable
  3. At or after, but not before, the same beep, runners commence running back to the 5 m marker
  4. At or before the next beep, runners must reach back to the 5 m marker
  5. The rest period now commences: 10 seconds in the Recovery tests, 5 seconds in the Endurance tests. Runners stroll to the 0 m marker, then return to the 5 m marker
  6. A beep indicates the end of the rest period and the start of the next circuit (back to Step 1)

After a predetermined number of circuits at a speed level (which varies with each version of the test), the speed level changes. This is signaled, usually, by a double beep or, possibly, a voice cue. The required speed at the new speed level will be faster.

Video of the Recovery Level 1 test

Scoring

[edit]

A runner who fails to reach the relevant marker in time is cautioned; if they want to continue, they must touch the marker before turning back. Two consecutive failures terminates their attempt. Their most recent successful circuit is marked as their score.

Scoring is usually done using "Speed Level.Circuits" terminology; for example, 15.2, which means "completed 2 circuits at level 15". Alternatively, scores may be recorded as distance; for example, 840 m. The two methods correlate exactly, meaning that given one, it is possible to determine the other (see the tables below).

Note that scores in one version of the test do not correlate with scores in other versions. That is, a score of 15.2 in Yo-Yo IR1 is not the same as 15.2 in Yo-Yo IR2.

Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1)

[edit]

Yo-Yo IR1 appears to be the most popular test, primarily because it is a considered a good indicator of the aerobic capacity of athletes in intermittent sports.[5]

Speed

Level

Shuttles

at Level

Running

speed

(km/h)

Seconds

per Shuttle

Seconds

at Level

Cumulative

Time (incl.

recovery)

(mm:ss)

Cumulative

Shuttles

Cumulative

Distance

5 2 10.0 7.20 14.4 00:24 2 40
9 2 12.0 6.00 12.0 00:46 4 80
11 4 13.0 5.54 22.2 01:29 8 160
12 6 13.5 5.33 32.0 02:31 14 280
13 8 14.0 5.14 41.1 03:52 22 440
14 16 14.5 4.97 79.4 06:31 38 760
15 16 15.0 4.80 76.8 09:08 54 1080
16 16 15.5 4.65 74.3 11:42 70 1400
17 16 16.0 4.50 72.0 14:14 86 1720
18 16 16.5 4.36 69.8 16:44 102 2040
19 16 17.0 4.24 67.8 19:12 118 2360
20 16 17.5 4.11 65.8 21:38 134 2680
21 16 18.0 4.00 64.0 24:02 150 3000
22 16 18.5 3.89 62.3 26:24 166 3320
23 16 19.0 3.79 60.6 28:45 182 3640

Note: A circuit consists of running two shuttles followed by a 10 second rest period

Table derived from "The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results"[4] and ESPNCricinfo[6]

As a side note, "Speed Level" correlates exactly with "Running Speed (km/h)" using the formula: (Running Speed – 7.5) * 2. This applies to all versions of the test.

Recovery Level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2)

[edit]

The Yo-Yo IR2 test is usually used to evaluate elite level athletes, specifically aimed at determining the athlete's ability to perform well in the aerobic and anaerobic spectrum.[7]

Speed

Level

Shuttles

at Level

Running

speed

(km/h)

Seconds

per Shuttle

Seconds

at Level

Cumulative

Time (incl.

recovery)

(mm:ss)

Cumulative

Shuttles

Cumulative

Distance

11 2 13.0 5.54 11.1 00:21 2 40
15 2 15.0 4.80 9.6 00:41 4 80
17 4 16.0 4.50 18.0 01:19 8 160
18 6 16.5 4.36 26.2 02:15 14 280
19 8 17.0 4.24 33.9 03:29 22 440
20 16 17.5 4.11 65.8 05:55 38 760
21 16 18.0 4.00 64.0 08:19 54 1080
22 16 18.5 3.89 62.3 10:41 70 1400
23 16 19.0 3.79 60.6 13:01 86 1720
24 16 19.5 3.69 59.1 15:21 102 2040
25 16 20.0 3.60 57.6 17:38 118 2360
26 16 20.5 3.51 56.2 19:54 134 2680
27 16 21.0 3.43 54.9 22:09 150 3000
28 16 21.5 3.35 53.6 24:23 166 3320
29 16 22.0 3.27 52.4 26:35 182 3640

Note: A circuit consists of running two shuttles followed by a 10 second rest period

Table derived from "The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results"[4]

Endurance Level 1 (Yo-Yo IE1)

[edit]
Speed

Level

Shuttles

at Level

Running

speed

(km/h)

Seconds

per Shuttle

Seconds

at Level

Cumulative

Time (incl.

recovery)

(mm:ss)

Cumulative

Shuttles

Cumulative

Distance

1 4 8.00 9.00 36.0 00:46 4 80
3 4 9.00 8.00 32.0 01:28 8 160
5 4 10.00 7.20 28.8 02:07 12 240
6 16 10.50 6.86 109.7 04:37 28 560
6.5 16 10.75 6.70 107.2 07:04 44 880
7 16 11.00 6.55 104.7 09:28 60 1200
7.5 6 11.25 6.40 38.4 10:22 66 1320
8 6 11.50 6.26 37.6 11:14 72 1440
8.5 12 11.75 6.13 73.5 12:58 84 1680
9 12 12.00 6.00 72.0 14:40 96 1920
9.5 12 12.25 5.88 70.5 16:20 108 2160
10 12 12.50 5.76 69.1 18:00 120 2400
10.5 12 12.75 5.65 67.8 19:37 132 2640
11 12 13.00 5.54 66.5 21:14 144 2880
11.5 12 13.25 5.43 65.2 22:49 156 3120
12 12 13.50 5.33 64.0 24:23 168 3360
12.5 12 13.75 5.24 62.8 25:56 180 3600
13 12 14.00 5.14 61.7 27:28 192 3840
13.5 12 14.25 5.05 60.6 28:58 204 4080
14 12 14.50 4.97 59.6 30:28 216 4320

Note: A circuit consists of running two shuttles followed by a 5 second rest period

Table derived from "The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results"[4]

Endurance Level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2)

[edit]
Speed

Level

Shuttles

at Level

Running

speed

(km/h)

Seconds

per Shuttle

Seconds

at Level

Cumulative

Time (incl.

recovery)

(mm:ss)

Cumulative

Shuttles

Cumulative

Distance

8 4 11.50 6.26 25.0 00:35 4 80
10 4 12.50 5.76 23.0 01:08 8 160
12 4 13.50 5.33 21.3 01:39 12 240
13 16 14.00 5.14 82.3 03:42 28 560
13.5 16 14.25 5.05 80.8 05:43 44 880
14 16 14.50 4.97 79.4 07:42 60 1200
14.5 6 14.75 4.88 29.3 08:26 66 1320
15 6 15.00 4.80 28.8 09:10 72 1440
15.5 12 15.25 4.72 56.7 10:37 84 1680
16 12 15.50 4.65 55.7 12:02 96 1920
16.5 12 15.75 4.57 54.9 13:27 108 2160
17 12 16.00 4.50 54.0 14:51 120 2400
17.5 12 16.25 4.43 53.2 16:15 132 2640
18 12 16.50 4.36 52.4 17:37 144 2880
18.5 12 16.75 4.30 51.6 18:58 156 3120
19 12 17.00 4.24 50.8 20:19 168 3360
19.5 12 17.25 4.17 50.1 21:39 180 3600
20 12 17.50 4.11 49.4 22:59 192 3840
20.5 12 17.75 4.06 48.7 24:17 204 4080
21 12 18.00 4.00 48.0 25:35 216 4320

Note: A circuit consists of running two shuttles followed by a 5 second rest period

Notable records: Ryan Ferguson - completed 2009. 21.12 Table derived from "The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results"[4]

Yo-Yo tests and VO2 max

[edit]

VO2 max, or milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)), is considered an excellent proxy for aerobic fitness.[8] Consequently, attempts have been made to correlate Yo-Yo test scores with VO2 max. There are conflicting reports about such a correlation. Two studies [9][10] reported only a weak correlation. Another study[11] reported strong correlation (R2=0.89) but the author acknowledged that most previous studies showed weak correlation.

Formula

[edit]

There are sources that have published formulae for the relationship:[12][13]

Yo-Yo IR1: VO2max = (Final distance (in meters) × 0.0084) + 36.4

Yo-Yo IR2: VO2max = (Final distance (in meters) × 0.0136) + 45.3

However, an eyeball review indicates minimum scores for Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2 of 36.4 and 45.3 respectively—that is, the score if the runner does not complete a single circuit. Both scores are reasonably respectable VO2 max scores;[14] clearly, the formulae apply with additional caveats (which are not mentioned).

Yo-Yo IR1 standards

[edit]

A selection of standards, across sports, from around the world. Note that these may be affected by selection bias. An open-access publication on reference values for different sports and activity levels for individuals > 16 years of age has been published in 2018.[4] A reference list for children is also available [15]

Women

[edit]
Country Sport Organization Level Distance

(m)

Canada Canada Field Hockey FHBC (British Columbia) 15.8 1080[16]
United Nations International Basketball – Referees – Elite FIBA 15.4 920[17]

Men

[edit]
Country Sport Organization Level Distance

(m)

 Canada Field Hockey FHBC (British Columbia) 18.0 2040[16]
Rugby Union(Scrum Half, Centre,

Stand Off, Back Three)

Canadian Rugby 19.1 2080[18]
United Nations International Basketball
Elite Referees 		FIBA 16.3 1200[17]
 India Cricket National Team 17.1 1440[19]
 New Zealand Cricket National Team 20.1 2400[20]
 Pakistan Cricket National Team 17.4 1580[20]
 United Kingdom Rugby League
Elite Referees 		Rugby Football League 18.5 2240
Rugby League
National Referees 		15.1-17.1 2040[21]
 United States Rugby Union
Elite Referees 		USA Rugby 18.5 2240[21]
Rugby Union
National Referees 		18.0 2040[21]
Cricket West Indies West Indies Cricket National Team 19.0 2080[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Yo-Yo intermittent test

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Yo-Yo intermittent test refers to a family of maximal, field-based fitness assessments developed to evaluate an individual's capacity for repeated high-intensity aerobic and interspersed with short recovery periods, particularly in intermittent sports like soccer, , and rugby. These tests simulate the stop-and-go nature of such activities by requiring participants to perform 20-meter shuttle runs at progressively increasing speeds, guided by audio signals, until exhaustion. Originating in the from research by Danish physiologist Jens Bangsbo at the , the tests were formalized and validated through studies such as Krustrup et al. (2003), which established their physiological basis and applicability to team sports. There are four primary variants: the Intermittent Recovery Test Levels 1 and 2 (YYIR1 and YYIR2), which include 10 seconds of active recovery (a 2 × 5 m jog) after each 40-meter run, and the Intermittent Endurance Test Levels 1 and 2 (YYIE1 and YYIE2), which feature 5 seconds of active recovery (2 × 2.5 m jog). YYIR1 starts at a moderate speed of 10 km/h, suitable for recreational or less-trained athletes, while YYIR2 begins at 13 km/h for elite performers; similarly, YYIE1 starts at 8 km/h and YYIE2 at 11.5 km/h, emphasizing prolonged endurance. The procedure typically involves two lines 20 meters apart (with a starting line 5 meters behind one end), where participants must reach turnaround points before audio beeps, completing two full shuttles per stage before recovery; the test ends upon two consecutive failures to reach the markers. These tests are valued for their simplicity, requiring minimal equipment (cones, audio device, and flat surface), and their ability to predict high-intensity aerobic capacity, (with correlations up to r = 0.71 for YYIR1), and match-specific metrics like total covered or high-speed running in games. Validity has been confirmed through moderate to strong correlations with laboratory measures and on-field demands across various populations, including elite soccer players (e.g., YYIR1 global mean ~1,891 m for sub-elite males) and youth athletes. Reliability is high, with coefficients of variation ranging from 4.5% (YYIE2) to 12.7% (YYIR2), though it varies by test level and athlete experience, making the Yo-Yo tests a standard tool for monitoring training adaptations, injury recovery, and talent identification in .

Introduction and Purpose

Design Principles

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test is a maximal incremental field test designed to evaluate an individual's capacity for intermittent exercise, simulating the physiological demands of stop-and-go activities in sports such as soccer, , and . It assesses the ability to perform repeated bouts of high-intensity running while incorporating recovery periods that mimic the incomplete rest experienced during , thereby taxing both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. This design allows for the measurement of exercise economy, recovery kinetics, and overall intermittent performance under progressively demanding conditions. Key features of the test include repeated 20-meter shuttle runs between two markers, with speeds increasing incrementally via audio signals, followed by brief active recovery intervals where participants perform light jogging over short distances. These elements enable a that leads to volitional exhaustion, providing insights into the interplay between aerobic for sustained energy supply and anaerobic contributions for high-intensity bursts. The built-in recovery periods—typically 10 seconds for recovery variants and 5 seconds for variants—distinguish the test from continuous running protocols, emphasizing the role of recovery in maintaining repeated efforts. The test variants are differentiated by recovery duration and starting intensity: recovery tests (e.g., levels 1 and 2) incorporate longer active recovery to focus on aerobic-dominant intermittent capacity, while endurance tests feature shorter active recovery to heighten anaerobic demands and simulate more continuous high-intensity scenarios. This structure was originally intended by its developers to quantify the ability to execute repeated high-intensity efforts with incomplete recovery, offering a sport-specific of physical conditioning that correlates with in intermittent .

Historical Development

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test was developed in the early 1990s by Danish soccer physiologist Jens Bangsbo and his colleagues at the University of Copenhagen to assess aerobic capacity and the ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts in team sports. The test draws from principles of shuttle-run protocols but incorporates short recovery periods to mimic the intermittent demands of soccer, where players alternate between intense sprints and brief recoveries. Initial conceptualization occurred amid growing research on the physiological profiles of elite athletes, with Bangsbo's work emphasizing the need for sport-specific field tests beyond continuous running assessments. The first formal description and validation of the Intermittent Recovery Test appeared in a 2003 study by Krustrup et al., which examined its physiological responses, reliability, and validity in moderately trained soccer players, demonstrating that it elicits near-maximal aerobic loading and correlates strongly with measures of fitness. This was followed by a comprehensive 2008 publication by Bangsbo, Iaia, and Krustrup in , which detailed the test's design, variants, and utility for evaluating physical performance in intermittent sports, solidifying its role as a practical tool for coaches and researchers. From its inception, the test focused primarily on soccer players, reflecting Bangsbo's expertise in the sport's demands, where high-intensity running covers 10-20% of total distance. By the mid-2000s, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Test had expanded beyond soccer to other intermittent sports such as , rugby, , and , with studies validating its applicability in assessing aerobic and anaerobic capacities across these disciplines. Subsequent updates and validations continued through the and into the , including adaptations for athletes—such as modified protocols for players aged 9-16 to account for developmental differences—and specialized versions for referees, like the Assistant Referee Intermittent Endurance Test (ARIET) and Dynamic Yo-Yo Test, which incorporate sideways running to simulate officiating movements. A 2018 systematic review aggregated data from 248 studies involving over 9,000 participants, confirming the test's reliability ( coefficients >0.80) and providing normative values that have informed refinements as of 2018.

Test Protocol

Setup and Equipment

The Yo-Yo intermittent test requires a flat, non-slip surface, such as a sports field or indoor , with a minimum length of 30 meters to accommodate the shuttle runs and turning areas. This ensures safe and consistent footing during repeated sprints at progressively increasing speeds. The course is delineated using cones, lines, or markers placed at specific intervals: primary markers 20 meters apart define the shuttle distance. For recovery tests, additional 5-meter zones behind the starting line facilitate active recovery positioning; for tests, 2.5-meter zones are used followed by passive rest. A measuring tape is used to precisely set these distances. Audio equipment is critical for controlling the test pace, typically consisting of a , device, app, or online track played through a to deliver beep signals that indicate when to start, turn, and recover. The volume must be sufficient for all participants to hear clearly. Optional equipment includes monitors to assess physiological responses during validation studies and timing gates for enhanced accuracy in speed measurement, though these are not essential for routine administration. The test supports group administration, with up to 10 participants per track on parallel lanes to minimize interference, allowing multiple tracks for larger cohorts.

Procedure and Execution

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test follows a standardized audio-guided protocol to assess intermittent running capacity. The following primarily describes the recovery test variants; endurance variants feature 5 seconds of active recovery followed by 25 seconds of passive rest (see Test Variants section). Participants begin positioned behind the starting line, with one foot placed behind this line for alignment. Upon hearing the first beep from the pre-recorded audio track, they run forward 20 meters to the designated marker. A subsequent beep signals the participant to turn and run back 20 meters to the starting line, completing a 40-meter bout. After each 40-meter bout (for recovery tests), participants perform 10 seconds of active recovery by jogging 2 × 5 meters in the recovery zone and returning to the starting position. This sequence repeats with progressive speed increases until the participant can no longer maintain the required pace. The test concludes if a participant fails to reach the 20-meter marker or return to the starting line before the corresponding beep on two consecutive attempts, ensuring a clear endpoint based on performance inability. The audio cues dictate the precise timing and pace, with beeps indicating the start of each segment. Running speed initiates at 10 km/h for recovery level 1 (suitable for less-trained athletes) or 13 km/h for level 2 (), progressing through initial stages (4 × 40-m runs at 10-13 km/h for level 1), then increasing by 0.5 km/h after every 8 × 40-m runs thereafter, as marked by double beeps in the audio. Endurance variants start at 8 km/h (level 1) or 11.5 km/h (level 2) with similar progression. To prioritize safety, a mandatory warm-up period, including light jogging and dynamic stretches, is required before starting the test to minimize injury risk. Administrators must vigilantly observe participants and terminate the test immediately upon detecting signs of exhaustion, such as irregular breathing, staggering, or verbal distress.

Scoring and Interpretation

The primary score in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Test is the total distance covered, measured in meters as the number of completed 20-meter shuttles multiplied by 20 meters, until the participant fails to reach the finishing line twice consecutively. Alternatively, scores may be recorded in level and shuttle notation, such as 17.4, indicating the last completed level and the specific shuttle within that level before . The test terminates upon two consecutive or voluntary exhaustion, with only fully completed shuttles contributing to the total distance; partial or incomplete shuttles are not counted. Scores are often aligned with predefined distances per level that increase with progressive speeds (starting at 10 km/h for recovery level 1 or 13 km/h for level 2, and 8 km/h or 11.5 km/h for endurance level 1 and 2, respectively). This method ensures the score reflects the participant's capacity to sustain repeated high-intensity efforts with brief recoveries. Higher scores indicate superior intermittent endurance and recovery ability, allowing coaches to monitor training adaptations and fitness progression over time, such as improvements following aerobic or high-intensity interval programs. The test's reliability supports its use for longitudinal assessment, though common scoring errors—like inaccurate shuttle documentation or premature termination due to poor motivation—can be minimized by employing at least two trained supervisors. Re-testing is recommended after a minimum of 48 hours of recovery to avoid fatigue-induced variability in results.

Test Variants

Recovery Tests Overview

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests assess an athlete's ability to repeatedly perform intense exercise bouts separated by brief active recovery periods, simulating the high-intensity demands of intermittent . These tests evaluate recovery capacity following repeated sprints, highlighting physiological adaptations for rapid recuperation and sustained performance under fatigue. Developed by Jens Bangsbo and colleagues, the recovery variants incorporate 10-second active recovery periods ( 2 × 5 m) to mimic short breaks in gameplay, focusing on the interplay between aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The two recovery test levels share a core shuttle run protocol but differ in intensity to accommodate varying fitness levels. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (IR1) starts at 10 km/h, emphasizing aerobic contributions and making it accessible for recreational or less experienced athletes. In comparison, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (IR2) begins at 13 km/h, demanding higher initial fitness and shifting toward greater anaerobic involvement for performers. Both variants feature the same 20-meter shuttle structure with progressive speed increments after sets of runs, ensuring the IR2 challenges advanced recovery mechanisms from the outset. Widely utilized in team sports like soccer and , these tests measure high-intensity recovery capacity essential for match demands, such as repeated sprints with minimal downtime. They provide practical insights for monitoring training progress and athlete selection, prioritizing the ability to maintain effort during prolonged intermittent activity.

Endurance Tests Overview

The variants of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Test assess an athlete's ability to sustain prolonged intermittent exercise, featuring a brief 5-second active recovery period involving or walking over 2.5 meters after each 40-meter shuttle (2 × 20 meters). This design emphasizes aerobic by simulating repeated high-intensity efforts with minimal rest, distinguishing it from variants with longer passive recoveries. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (IE1) starts at 8 km/h to accommodate beginners and less trained participants, while the Level 2 (IE2) begins at 11.5 km/h for advanced athletes capable of higher initial intensities. Speed progresses incrementally by 0.25 km/h after every eight running bouts, allowing for a gradual escalation that tests sustained performance until voluntary exhaustion. These tests replicate the demands of endurance sports through continuous shuttle running with abbreviated active recoveries, promoting evaluation of resistance in scenarios akin to prolonged rallies in . Common applications include individual sports or endurance-based intermittent activities, such as or squash, where athletes must maintain output over extended durations without frequent maximal bursts.

Recovery Test Details

Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (IR1)

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (IR1) test is a standardized field assessment designed to evaluate high-intensity aerobic capacity in individuals with moderate fitness levels, emphasizing the ability to perform repeated sprints with brief recoveries. Developed as the entry-level variant of the recovery tests, it simulates the intermittent demands of like soccer through shuttle runs interspersed with short active rests, making it suitable for initial fitness benchmarking. The protocol begins with participants running 20 m shuttles between two markers 20 m apart, completing two shuttles (40 m total) at progressively increasing speeds dictated by audio signals, followed by a 10-second active recovery period consisting of a 2 × 5 m jog. The setup includes markers at 0 m, 20 m, and recovery lines at 5 m beyond the start. The test starts at a speed of 10 km/h and increases gradually, reaching 13.5 km/h by level 5, with the entire progression spanning up to 23 levels until voluntary exhaustion or failure to complete a shuttle within the allotted time. This test targets recreational athletes, youth athletes, and individuals with moderate fitness, providing a less demanding alternative to higher-level variants while still eliciting near-maximal aerobic responses. For example, level 1 involves running at 10 km/h for 4 shuttles (totaling 80 m), and participants typically reach exhaustion after completing 20 or more levels, covering distances of 1,000–2,500 m depending on fitness. In practical applications, the IR1 is widely used in soccer training programs to monitor aerobic and guide conditioning for and players, as it correlates with in intermittent high-intensity activities. Additionally, it serves as a fitness standard for sports officials, such as hockey referees under the (FIH), where minimum distances (e.g., 1,120 m for international female umpires and 1,640 m for males) must be achieved to maintain certification.

Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (IR2)

The Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (IR2) test is an advanced variant of the intermittent recovery assessment, specifically developed to evaluate the capacity of highly trained individuals to perform repeated high-intensity efforts with short recovery periods, emphasizing both aerobic and anaerobic contributions under fatigue. Unlike the Level 1 version, the IR2 begins at a higher initial speed of 13 km/h and features more rapid increments, making it suitable for assessing elite-level intermittent performance in requiring explosive actions and quick recuperation. This test shares the core structure of recovery tests, involving shuttle runs interspersed with brief recovery intervals to simulate match-like demands. The protocol requires participants to complete 20-m shuttle runs (out and back, totaling 40 m per bout) on a flat, non-slip surface marked with cones at 0 m, 20 m, and recovery lines at 5 m beyond the start. Audio signals dictate the pace via a pre-recorded CD or app, starting with the first 20-m run at 13 km/h and the second at 15 km/h; subsequent speeds increase by 0.5 km/h after every eight running bouts (i.e., four full 40-m shuttles). Between each 40-m bout, a 10-second active recovery period occurs, during which participants walk or jog slowly over 2 × 5 m to return to the starting line. The test terminates when the participant fails to reach the 20-m line within the twice consecutively or voluntarily stops due to exhaustion, with performance recorded as the total distance covered in meters. For example, the initial phase (often denoted as early levels) covers approximately 80 m across the first two runs at 13–15 km/h, progressively demanding speeds exceeding 20 km/h in later stages for top performers. This design highlights anaerobic recovery mechanisms during accumulating fatigue, distinguishing it from endurance-focused variants. Targeted primarily at elite athletes in high-intensity, intermittent sports such as , the IR2 test measures the ability to sustain repeated sprints with minimal recovery, reflecting real-game physiological stresses like those in fast-paced play. It is particularly valuable for professional athletes, where scores indicate readiness for demands involving frequent and deceleration. In applications like selection, the test informs fitness thresholds; specific minimums vary by . Seminal validation studies confirm its high reliability, with coefficients of variation ranging from approximately 5% to 12.7% depending on the population and conditions.

Endurance Test Details

Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (IE1)

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (IE1) test is an entry-level variant designed to evaluate an individual's capacity for sustained intermittent aerobic exercise with short active recoveries, making it suitable for assessing endurance in less experienced participants. The protocol involves participants running 40 m (two 20-m shuttles) at progressively increasing speeds dictated by audio beeps, followed by a 5-second active recovery period consisting of a 2.5 m jog to a cone and back. The test commences at a speed of 8 km/h, with increments of 0.25 km/h occurring after each stage, where the number of running bouts per stage increases progressively (e.g., 2 bouts in stage 1 covering 80 m, up to 8 or more in later stages), continuing until the participant can no longer maintain the pace on two consecutive attempts. This test targets novice endurance athletes, youth athletes, and recreational participants in intermittent sports such as or soccer, where it helps gauge baseline aerobic fitness without demanding elite-level intensities. For example, in youth development, it provides a low-barrier entry to monitor improvements in cardiorespiratory , with typically measured as the total covered before exhaustion, often ranging from 400 to 1,600 m in beginners. Level 1 begins at 8 km/h for the initial 40 m set, building gradually to moderate speeds (e.g., 10–12 km/h) over extended durations to simulate prolonged intermittent efforts while minimizing risk. In specific applications, the IE1 test is employed for training monitoring in individual sports like , where it tracks adaptations to endurance-focused regimens, and in programs to establish normative benchmarks and guide talent identification. Studies have shown its utility in correlating with VO2max (r = 0.63–0.87) for these populations, enabling coaches to adjust programs based on repeatable field-based assessments rather than lab equipment.

Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (IE2)

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (IE2) is a maximal field test developed to assess the capacity of highly trained individuals to perform repeated bouts of high-intensity running interspersed with brief active recoveries, simulating demands of prolonged intermittent . The protocol requires participants to complete 40-m shuttle runs (two 20-m lengths) dictated by audio beeps, followed by a 5-second active recovery period involving light over 5 m (2 × 2.5 m). The test commences at an initial speed of 11.5 km/h, with speeds increasing progressively by 0.25 km/h after each stage until voluntary exhaustion or failure to complete two consecutive shuttles within the allotted time. This setup emphasizes under accumulating , with stages comprising varying numbers of shuttle runs to extend the duration and intensity. An example of level progression occurs in the early stages, where the first stage involves two 40-m runs at 11.5 km/h, covering 80 m; subsequent stages ramp up quickly with more runs at higher speeds, such as 12 runs at 13.5 km/h (480 m) or 16 runs at 14 km/h (640 m) in later levels, pushing the boundaries of aerobic power and recovery efficiency during loaded intermittent exercise. These quicker speed increments compared to lower-level variants ensure the test challenges the upper limits of endurance in performers. Primarily targeted at advanced athletes engaged in prolonged intermittent activities, the IE2 is suitable for evaluating fitness in sports like and , where repeated high-intensity efforts with short recoveries are common. In elite assessments, it measures fatigue resistance and correlates with game-specific endurance, as demonstrated in studies of competitive players. Similarly, research on professional players has applied the IE2 to quantify maximal aerobic power and intermittent performance, aiding in training optimization and talent identification. Beyond assessments, the test supports investigations into physiological adaptations, such as responses and overload characteristics in team sports, highlighting its utility in monitoring elite-level fatigue resistance.

Physiological Correlations

Relation to VO2 Max

The Yo-Yo intermittent tests, particularly the recovery variants, demonstrate moderate to strong correlations with maximal oxygen uptake () in athletes engaged in intermittent sports like soccer and basketball, where aerobic capacity supports repeated high-intensity efforts. A 2025 meta-analysis of 33 studies involving team sport athletes (n=1,362) reported pooled correlation coefficients of r = 0.65 for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1), r = 0.55 for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2), r = 0.67 for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1), and r = 0.67 for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2), indicating these tests effectively capture aerobic fitness relevant to stop-and-go activities. These relationships have been primarily validated in intermittent and team sports contexts. These relationships allow for practical estimation of from Yo-Yo test distances, using regression-derived formulas validated primarily in adult athletes. For the YYIR1, (mL/kg/min) is estimated as distance (m) × 0.0084 + 36.4, while for the YYIR2, it is distance (m) × 0.0136 + 45.3; these equations stem from linear regressions in soccer players, yielding r = 0.70 for YYIR1 and r = 0.58 for YYIR2 against laboratory-measured . Such estimations provide coaches with field-based insights into aerobic capacity without requiring laboratory equipment, though they assume the test elicits near-maximal aerobic activation. However, these formulas and correlations have limitations, particularly outside trained adult populations. A 2025 of studies in team sports athletes confirms correlations across recreationally active, trained, and highly trained groups without significant differences, though earlier validation studies show reduced accuracy (r = 0.40–0.60) in or untrained individuals due to differences in physiological responses, such as lower intermittent exercise tolerance and higher reliance on anaerobic . For instance, in adolescent groups, the YYIR1 often underestimates compared to direct measures, highlighting the need for age-specific adjustments or caution in non-athletic contexts.

Validity and Reliability

The Yo-Yo intermittent tests demonstrate good to excellent test-retest reliability across their variants, with coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 based on systematic aggregation of 19 studies involving diverse populations and . Coefficients of variation (CVs) typically fall between 5% and 10%, indicating low day-to-day variability, though higher values up to 19% have been observed in less familiarized groups or specific adaptations. This reliability holds irrespective of prior familiarization sessions and is consistent in team like soccer and rugby. The tests exhibit high for assessing high-intensity aerobic capacity, showing moderate to strong (r = 0.60–0.90) with match performance metrics such as high-intensity running distance and total distance covered in soccer. Criterion validity is supported by significant associations with laboratory-measured VO₂ max, with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.63 to 0.87 across variants like the YYIR1 and YYIE2, particularly in intermittent contexts. Reliability remains consistent across age groups (e.g., 9–16 years) and genders, as evidenced by stable ICCs and peak responses in footballers and non-athletic peers. However, the tests are sensitive to extrinsic factors such as participant motivation and testing conditions, with repeated trials showing practice effects that can inflate performance by up to 10–15% without adequate standardization. Recent evidence from 2024 studies affirms the tests' sensitivity to training-induced changes, with short sprint yielding 10–20% improvements in Yo-Yo IR1 performance among young soccer players over 8 weeks. Adaptations like the prone Yo-Yo IR1 variant, however, display lower reliability, with a CV of 21% and typical error of 68 m in elite female players, highlighting limitations in modified protocols.

Normative Data

Standards for Recovery Tests

The standards for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (IR1 and IR2) provide performance benchmarks to evaluate aerobic fitness in intermittent , typically expressed as total distance covered in meters. These norms are derived from aggregated data across athletes and are categorized by gender, with elite levels often exceeding 2000 m for IR1 in men and 1600 m in women, reflecting demands in high-intensity team like soccer and hockey. For IR1, adult male elite performers, such as professional soccer players, commonly achieve over 2400 m, while good levels range from 1520 to 1960 m; for women, elite benchmarks exceed 1600 m, with good levels from 1000 to 1280 m. In IR2, which starts at higher intensities, elite men cover over 1280 m, whereas data for women is more limited, with competitive levels approximating 720 to 800 m. Sport-specific standards further contextualize these benchmarks. For instance, the Board of Control for in India (BCCI) sets a minimum of 1120 m (level 16.1) for national team male ers in IR1, emphasizing for stop-start play. The (FIH) guidelines incorporate recovery tests for fitness assessment, aligning with elite norms but tailored to positional demands in . These standards help coaches interpret results relative to positional roles and training status, prioritizing distance as the primary metric over shuttle counts. Age adjustments are essential for athletes, as performance in recovery tests typically lags behind due to physiological development. For ages 12 to 16, scores are generally 20 to 30% lower than norms; for example, high-performance soccer players in under-15 groups around 2020 m in IR1 compared to 2400 m for , with progressive gains through . This adjustment ensures fair evaluation, with benchmarks scaled downward to account for maturation differences observed in longitudinal studies.
Test LevelCategoryAdult Males (m)Adult Females (m)
IR1>2400>1600
IR1Excellent2000–24001320–1600
IR1Good1520–19601000–1280
IR2>1280>800
IR2Excellent1000–1280720–800
IR2Good720–1000480–720

Standards for Endurance Tests

Normative data for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (IE1) test indicate that good performance among adults typically ranges from to meters, reflecting moderate to high aerobic capacity in intermittent exercise with 5-second active recoveries after each 40-meter shuttle. This aligns with recreational athletes achieving 600- meters and elite performers exceeding 1000 meters, as aggregated from studies on participants. For elite youth, distances of 600-900 meters represent strong performance, particularly in boys aged 9-16, where age-specific centiles show progressive increases but limited gender-differentiated benchmarks due to fewer female samples. The test protocol, developed by Bangsbo and colleagues, progresses from an initial speed of 8 km/h, increasing incrementally (e.g., 8-9 km/h for stages 1-2, up to 14.5 km/h at stage 20), with total possible distance reaching 4320 across 108 shuttles. For the Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (IE2) test, elite male performers in high-intensity like soccer achieve approximately 2400 , while professional female soccer players average around 1200 , highlighting application in evaluating advanced intermittent capacity starting at 11.5 km/h. Progression tables from Bangsbo protocols emphasize cumulative distances per stage, with elite thresholds scaling by sport demands. Data for other sports remain sparse. Overall, normative standards for IE1 and IE2 are less established than for recovery variants, with systematic reviews aggregating data from only 12-48 subgroups (770-1466 participants) across 2003-2018 studies, primarily on males and sports. Analyses suggest scaling of 15-20% lower for females versus males in metrics, underscoring research gaps in diverse populations and longitudinal tracking. The active recovery structure in these tests, involving brief 5-second jogs, distinguishes them by emphasizing prolonged high-intensity efforts without extended breaks.

References

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6041409/
  2. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000058441.94520.32
  3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5767970_The_Yo-Yo_Intermittent_Recovery_Test_A_Useful_Tool_for_Evaluation_of_Physical_Performance_in_Intermittent_Sports
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12673156/
  5. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00870/full
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18081366/
  7. https://www.scienceforsport.com/yo-yo-intermittent-recovery-test-level-1/
  8. https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/yo-yo-intermittent.htm
  9. http://www.5-a-side.com/fitness/yo-yo-intermittent-recovery-test/
  10. https://www.theyoyotest.com/procedure.htm
  11. https://www.topendsports.com/testing/pre-test-procedures.htm
  12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00870
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38916376/
  14. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00870/full
  15. https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/fih-umpire-fitness-guidelines-updated-may-2025.pdf
  16. https://www.scienceforsport.com/yo-yo-intermittent-recovery-test-level-2/
  17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16960529/
  18. https://www.theyoyotest.com/yyir2.htm
  19. https://www.getpulsesapp.com/post/beep-test-vs-yo-yo-test
  20. https://www.topendsports.com/testing/yo-yo-intermittent-e-levels.htm
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026706/
  22. https://www.theyoyotest.com/table-YYIE2.htm
  23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305723041_Laboratory_and_Field-based_Assessment_of_Maximal_Aerobic_and_Anaerobic_Power_in_Professional_Tennis_Players
  24. https://www.physoc.org/abstracts/correlation-between-fitness-and-body-size-in-handball-players/
  25. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6714357/
  26. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70054
  27. https://mail.topendsports.com/testing/norms/yo-yo.htm
  28. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00870/pdf
  29. https://footballscience.net/testing/aerobic-endurance/yo-yo-tests/
  30. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-019-01143-4
  31. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/17461391.2015.1119197
  32. https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/8/2/75
  33. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11622051/
  34. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306171
  35. https://www.topendsports.com/testing/norms/yo-yo.htm
  36. https://sportscienceinsider.com/yo-yo-test/
  37. https://www.theyoyotest.com/results-cricket.htm
  38. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/yo-yo-test-passing-marks-for-indian-cricketers-to-be-increased-from-16-1-to-17-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fitness-test/story-NkKwIlSpg4ychQfH4aRPhJ.html
  39. https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/yo-yo-fitness-test-standards.pdf
  40. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4314606/
  41. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Yo-Yo_Endurance_Test
  42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6614118/
  43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.016
  44. https://www.theyoyotest.com/table-YYIE1.htm
  45. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000377
  46. https://www.professionalsoccercoaching.com/aerobic-fitness-science/yo-yo-intermittent-and-endurance-testing
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.