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from Wikipedia
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 1st millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 601 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 601 DCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1354 |
| Armenian calendar | 50 ԹՎ Ծ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5351 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 522–523 |
| Bengali calendar | 7–8 |
| Berber calendar | 1551 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1145 |
| Burmese calendar | −37 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6109–6110 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 3298 or 3091 — to — 辛酉年 (Metal Rooster) 3299 or 3092 |
| Coptic calendar | 317–318 |
| Discordian calendar | 1767 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 593–594 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4361–4362 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 657–658 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 522–523 |
| - Kali Yuga | 3701–3702 |
| Holocene calendar | 10601 |
| Iranian calendar | 21 BP – 20 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 22 BH – 21 BH |
| Japanese calendar | N/A |
| Javanese calendar | 490–491 |
| Julian calendar | 601 DCI |
| Korean calendar | 2934 |
| Minguo calendar | 1311 before ROC 民前1311年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −867 |
| Seleucid era | 912/913 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1143–1144 |
| Tibetan calendar | ལྕགས་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Monkey) 727 or 346 or −426 — to — ལྕགས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Iron-Bird) 728 or 347 or −425 |
Year 601 (DCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 601 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine army under command of Peter, brother of Emperor Maurice, crosses the Danube and advances to the Tisza River, where it defeats the Avars.
Europe
[edit]- The Franks, Merovingians and Carolingians successively control most of Europe, while strong feudal lords rise in power to gain the allegiance of the people.
- The Lombards under King Agilulf expand into Northern Italy, establishing a settlement with the Franks and maintaining intermittent relationships with Rome.
- Liuva II, age 18,[1] succeeds his father Reccared I as king of the Visigoths. Reccared dies a natural death at the capital in Toledo[2] after a 15-year reign.
By topic
[edit]Arts and sciences
[edit]- The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published.
Agriculture
[edit]- Food production increases in northern and Western Europe as a result of agricultural technology introduced by the Slavs, who employ a lightweight plow with a knife blade (coulter), that cuts deep into the soil at grassroots level, together with a shaped board, or "moldboard", that moves the cut soil to one side.
Religion
[edit]- The future Archbishops of Canterbury (Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius), and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. Gregory writes the decretal Libellus responsionum to Augustine.
Births
[edit]- September 13 – Ali, central figure in Shia Islam (d. 661)
- Hongren, Chán (Buddhist) patriarch of the Tang dynasty (d. 674)
- Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 648)
- Sigebert II, king of Austrasia and Burgundy (d. 613)
- Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (d. 636)
Deaths
[edit]- March 13 or 600 – Leander, bishop of Seville
- Agilulf, bishop of Metz
- Reccared I, king of the Visigoths (b. 559)
- Bertha of Kent, Frankish-born Anglo-Saxon queen consort, canonized (b. c.565) (approximate date)
- Sophia, Byzantine Empress consort (approximate date)
References
[edit]- ^ Roger Collins, "Visigothic Spain 409–711", (Blackwell Publishing,2004, p.73
- ^ Ann Christys, "Christians in Al-Andalus, 711–1000", p. 37 (Curzon Press, 2002). ISBN 0-7007-1564-9
from Grokipedia
Year 601 (DCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 601 for this year has been used since the early medieval period.
Events
Byzantine Empire and Eastern Conflicts
In 601, Byzantine forces under Emperor Maurice continued aggressive campaigns against Avar incursions in the Balkans, crossing the Danube to engage nomadic raiders and their Slavic allies who had been pressuring Roman provinces since the 580s. General Priscus, as magister militum per Illyricum, led operations that repelled Avar attacks, exploiting the khaganate's logistical vulnerabilities from extended supply lines across the steppes. These efforts built on prior victories, such as the 599 defeat of Avar forces near Viminacium, where Roman engineering— including fortified camps and river-crossing pontoons—countered nomadic mobility, forcing the Avars into disorganized retreats.[1] Byzantine resilience stemmed from superior organization, with thematic armies maintaining garrisons in key Moesian strongholds like Singidunum and Viminacium, enabling sustained offensives up to the Tisza River plain. Primary accounts, including those of Theophylact Simocatta, detail how Priscus's raids in 601 disrupted Avar unity, as internal khaganate divisions and overextension from multi-front wars weakened their cohesion, allowing Roman forces to capture prisoners and booty while avoiding decisive pitched battles. Diplomatic maneuvers complemented military actions; Maurice negotiated truces offering subsidies in exchange for border security, though Avar demands for higher tribute strained relations, reflecting the empire's pragmatic balance of defense and deterrence.[2][3] Causal factors in these successes included Rome's emphasis on fortified infrastructure and professional soldiery, contrasting Avar reliance on tribute-fueled alliances that faltered under prolonged strain. Ongoing Slavic settlements in depopulated areas posed persistent threats, but Byzantine scorched-earth tactics and naval support along the Danube limited incursions, preserving core territories amid broader eastern pressures from Persia. These operations underscored Maurice's strategy of offensive defense, temporarily stabilizing the frontier until political upheavals in 602.[1]Western Europe and Christianization
In 601, Pope Gregory I dispatched the pallium—a woolen vestment symbolizing metropolitan authority—to Augustine of Canterbury, affirming his role as archbishop and enabling the establishment of a structured ecclesiastical hierarchy in Anglo-Saxon England aligned with Roman practices. This act, accompanied by reinforcements including additional missionaries and plans for ordaining bishops in key sees including the northern province of York, facilitated the organization of dioceses and countered fragmented pagan traditions by integrating local elites into a centralized church framework.[4] Gregory's contemporaneous letters to Augustine emphasized humility amid reported miracles, underscoring the pope's intent to maintain doctrinal unity and prevent autonomous developments that could dilute Roman orthodoxy.[5] Gregory's missive to Abbot Mellitus, en route with supplies, outlined pragmatic strategies for conversion, advising the adaptation of pagan temples into churches and the redirection of sacrificial rituals toward Christian feasts to minimize resistance and leverage existing cultural structures for authority consolidation. This approach reflected empirical observations of tribal dynamics, where abrupt impositions often provoked backlash, as seen in prior partial relapses among Kentish converts under King Æthelberht, whose baptism in 597 had yielded uneven adoption rates among nobility versus commoners.[6] Letters to Kentish Queen Bertha and King Æthelberht further urged royal patronage of church-building and baptismal rites, correlating political stability with Christian allegiance amid ongoing Anglo-Saxon inter-kingdom rivalries.[7] In Lombard territories, Gregory corresponded with King Agilulf and Catholic Queen Theodelinda, pressing for abandonment of Arianism in favor of orthodoxy to unify the kingdom's fragmented duchies under centralized religious authority. Theodelinda's influence, evidenced by her promotion of Catholic bishops and church foundations, accelerated elite conversions, though empirical progress remained limited, with Arian holdouts persisting among military elites until fuller adoption post-612. These papal initiatives highlighted missionary efforts' causal link to political cohesion, as Christian hierarchies provided administrative tools to supplant tribal autonomy without direct conquest. Frankish realms, under Merovingian kings Theudebert II and Theodoric II, exhibited stable Catholic dominance since Clovis's 496 conversion. Support for English missions via Frankish clergy indirectly bolstered Gregory's network, yet resistance lingered in peripheral pagan enclaves, illustrating slower diffusion where royal enforcement waned. Overall, 601's events underscored conversion's reliance on elite buy-in and adaptive governance, yielding hierarchical gains in England and Lombardy while exposing variances in adoption paces tied to power vacuums.Asia and Other Regions
In 601, during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty (581–604), relics of the Buddha (sarira) were distributed to state-run monasteries and other temples across China, marking the first of three such initiatives conducted in the final years of his rule to promote Buddhism as a unifying force.[8] These distributions involved enshrining the relics in over 100 stupas constructed in administrative regions, accompanied by edicts emphasizing spiritual harmony for the realm's subjects.[9] This policy reflected Wen's broader patronage of Buddhism, which included building approximately 120 new temples in the capital and integrating Buddhist principles into imperial governance to legitimize Sui rule after the fragmentation of prior dynasties.[9] Historical records for the Middle East in 601 remain sparse, with the Sassanid Empire under Khosrow II maintaining dominance over Arabian client tribes amid ongoing tensions with Byzantium, but without documented major conflicts or disruptions specific to that year.[10] Pre-Islamic Arabian society continued to revolve around tribal confederations and caravan trade routes linking the peninsula to Persian and Byzantine spheres, though primary annals provide no verifiable events tied precisely to 601, highlighting evidential gaps in non-imperial sources from the era.People
Births
- Hongren (601–674), also known as Daman Hongren, served as the fifth patriarch of Chan (Zen) Buddhism during the Tang dynasty, emphasizing meditative practices that influenced subsequent East Asian Buddhist schools through his teachings at East Mountain.[11]
- Ma Zhou (601–648), a prominent Tang dynasty official who rose to chancellor under Emperor Taizong, gained renown for his frank remonstrances and policy advice, embodying the era's meritocratic civil service reforms.