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APEXC
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The APE(X)C, or All Purpose Electronic (X) Computer series was designed by Andrew Donald Booth and built by Kathleen Booth at Birkbeck College, London in the early 1950s. Their work on the APE(X)C series was sponsored by the British Rayon Research Association.[1][2] Although the naming conventions are slightly unclear, it seems the first model belonged to the BRRA.[3] According to Booth, the X stood for X-company.[4]
One of the series was also known as the APE(X)C or All Purpose Electronic X-Ray Computer and was sited at Birkbeck.
Background
[edit]From 1943 on, the Booths started working on the determination of crystal structures using X-ray diffraction data. The computations involved were extremely tedious and there was ample incentive for automating the process. Andrew Booth developed an analogue computer to compute the reciprocal spacings of the diffraction pattern.[5]
ARC and SEC
[edit]The Booths designed an electromechanical computer, the ARC (Automatic Relay Computer), in the late 1940s (1947-1948) under the sponsorship of the British Rayon Research Association.[6]
- Later on, they built an experimental electronic computer named SEC (Simple Electronic Computer, designed around 1948-1949).
- Booth designs the All-Purpose Electronic Computer (APEC) in 1950.
- Booth builds the first full-scale prototype in his father's barn 1950–1951.
- Early 1951, BRRA commissions Booth for a version of the APEC, named APE(R)C.
- BTM (free of IBM affiliation since 1949) sends engineers to visit the barn where the APE(R)C is being assembled, to copy the circuitry of the computer—which they then use to build the HEC 1.
- and finally, the Booth team markets the APE(X)C (All-Purpose Electronic Computer) series.[7][8][9]
The computers were programmed by Kathleen Booth.[7]
| Year | Activity | Machine |
|---|---|---|
| 1947–1948 | Sponsored design research and travel to the US. | ARC (Relay) |
| 1948–1950 | SEC (Valve) | |
| 1951 | Commissioned a dedicated electronic version. | APE(R)C |
| 1952 | Delivery and first successful operation of the machine. |
The APE(X) C series
[edit]The APE(X)C series included the following machines:
- APE(X)C: Birkbeck College, London, first time operated in May 1952,[7] ready for use at the end of 1953[10]
- APE(N)C: Board of Mathematical Machines, Oslo ('N' likely stands for 'Norway'), also known as NUSSE
- APE(H)C: British Tabulating Machine Company (It is unclear what 'H' stands for - perhaps 'Hollerith' as the company sold Hollerith Unit record equipment
- APE(R)C: British Rayon Research Association ('R' stands for 'Rayon'[2]), ready for use in June 1952[10]
- UCC: University College, London (circa January 1956)[11]
- MAC or MAGIC (Magnetic Automatic Calculator): "built by Wharf Engineering Laboratories" (February 1955)[11]
- The HEC (Hollerith Electronic Computer), built by the British Tabulating Machine Company (later to become International Computers and Tabulators (ICT), then International Computers Limited (ICL)), a commercial machine sold in several models and later known as the ICT200 series. There were likely the derivatives HEC 1, HEC 2, HEC 2M - M for 'marketable' denoting the machine's orientation toward commercial rather than scientific customers, and HEC 4 (before 1955)
Only one of each of these machines was built, with the exception of HEC (and possibly MAC) which were commercial machines produced in quite large numbers for the time, around 150. They were similar in design, with various small differences, mostly in I/O equipment. The APEHC was a punched card machine while the APEXC, APERC and APENC were teletypers (keyboard and printer, plus paper tape reader and puncher). Also, the UCC had 8k words of storage, instead of 1k word for other machines, and the MAC used germanium diodes in replacement of many valves.
British Tabulating Machine Company machines
[edit]
In March 1951, the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) sent a team to Andrew Booth's workshop. They then used his design to create the Hollerith Electronic Computer 1 (HEC 1) before the end of 1951. The computer was a direct copy of Andrew Booth's circuits with extra Input/output interfaces. The HEC 2 was the HEC 1 with smarter metal casings and was built for the Business Efficiency Exhibition in 1953. A slightly modified version of the HEC 2 was then marketed as HEC2M and 8 were sold. The HEC2M was succeeded by the HEC4. Around 100 HEC4s were sold in the late 1950s.[12]
Further reading
[edit]- Andrew D. Booth Technical Developments: The Development of A.P.E.(X).C. (in Automatic Computing Machinery), Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation (MTAC) Volume 8, Number 46, April, 1954
References
[edit]- ^ The British computer industry: crisis and development By Tim Kelly, page 41
- ^ a b Early British computers, Simon Hugh Lavington 1980
- ^ History of Computing:Learning from the Past, Arthur Tatnall Springer, 2010
- ^ Book 495 in Origins of cyberspace: a library on the history of computing, Diana H. Hook, Jeremy M. Norman, Michael R. Williams. Norman Publishing, 2002
- ^ Andrew Brown (2005). J.D. Bernal, The Sage of Science. Oxford U.P. p. 276.
- ^ Lavington, Simon Hugh (1980). Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People who Built Them. Manchester University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780719008108.
- ^ a b c Johnson, Roger (April 2008). "School of Computer Science & Information Systems: A Short History" (PDF). Birkbeck College. University of London. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Automatic Computing Machinery: Bibliography Z-XII; 3. Anon., Digital Computer Research at Birkbeck College, Office of Naval Research (London Branch), Technical Report OANAR-50-49, 12 December 1949, 2 p." Mathematics of Computation. 4 (31): 171. 1950. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-50-99462-2. ISSN 0025-5718.
- ^ "11. Digital Computers, Birkbeck College, University of London". Digital Computer Newsletter. 2 (1): 4. 1950-01-01. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Research, United States Office of Naval (1953). A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b "COMPUTERS, OVERSEAS: 2. Birkbeck College Computer Laboratory (London, England)". Digital Computer Newsletter. 8 (1): 16–17. Jan 1956. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019.
- ^ "School of Computer Science & Information Systems A Short History" (PDF). Birkbeck, University of London. Department of Computer Science and Information Systems. 2008. Retrieved 2015-06-02.