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This article is about the musical piece. For the GIF of a similar name, see As Long As Possible.

St. Burchardi church in Halberstadt, Germany

ORGAN2/ASLSP has been playing in Halberstadt for

24 years, 5 months, 1 week and 2 days

ORGAN2/ASLSP (As Slow as Possible) is a musical piece by John Cage and the subject of the second-longest-lasting (after Longplayer) musical performance yet undertaken.[1] Cage wrote it in 1987 for organ, as an adaptation of his 1985 composition ASLSP for piano. A performance of the piano version usually lasts 20 to 70 minutes.[2]

An organ in St. Burchardi church in Halberstadt in 2001 began a performance that is due to end in 2640. This makes it the longest running non-computerized piece currently being performed. The most recent note was played on February 5, 2024. The next note will be played on August 5, 2026.

History

[edit]

The Friends of the Maryland Summer Institute for the Creative and Performing Arts commissioned the piece for contemporary requirement of a piano competition. Cage used an open format to ensure no two performances would be the same, and give judges a break from the consistency of most compositions. The score is eight pages.

Record performances

[edit]
Performer(s) Duration in hours Start time Location Notes
Francesco Pio Gennarelli 25.003 2025, March 4 14:10pm Streamed Live on YouTube from Middlesex University The performance was also open to the public to walk in and listen at any time. It can be viewed in its entirety on YouTube.[3] Current world record holder for longest live performance of a single musical piece performed by a human.
AllRequest_Live "Albert Wright" 24.001 2022, February 4 12:00pm Streamed Live on Twitch from an undisclosed location The performance can be viewed in its entirety on YouTube.[4]
Alexander Meszler 24 2023, January 29 5:00pm - January 30 5:00pm Sundt Organ Studio, Luther College Livestreamed and open to the public. Performed continuously for 24 hours on pipe organ.[5][6]
Diane Luchese 14.93 2009, February 5 8:45am Towson University Until 2022, it was the longest completed performance.[7]
Alex Ross, Patrick Wedd, Adrian Foster 8 2015 Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal World record holder for longest live performance of a single musical piece performed by a team of humans.
Frank Felice 3.5 2016 Online Performance was delivered online to an iPhone app for ArtsFest 2016 at Butler University. A thirty-five second snippet was posted each day for a year; the whole three and a half hour realization was played as a fixed media piece during the three-day Artsfest. The performances could be considered to take 35 seconds, 3.5 hours, 3 days, or 1 year (the time used here is for the single performance of the entire piece) [8]

*On March 8, 2022, Dr. Christopher Anderson performed what was believed to be a record-breaking 16-hour in-person public performance of ASLSP/2 at Perkins Chapel, Southern Methodist University, from 6am to 10pm. (Unbeknownst to other parties, a livestream of the work was happening around the same time on a podcast). The work was lived streamed and also had a large public attendance in person. The effort was undertaken in coordination with Bridwell Library at SMU, which hosted an accompanying John Cage-honored festival called the "Festival of Form", that featured other concerts of Cage and Cage-affiliated composers, a special collections exhibit with Cage manuscripts, and even a "Dinner in the Dark" at Bridwell Library, composed of all-mushroom dishes and recordings of Cage reciting haiku poetry. [9]

**After several organists recognized the growing interest in ASLSP/2, and the desire to “stretch” the piece to its human limits, Dr. Anderson joined Goldman Professor of Organ, Kimberly Marshall at Arizona State University with Diane Luchese (Towson University) and ASU alumnus Alexander Meszler (DMA ’20) who now teaches at Luther College, to perform ASLSP/2 for 8 full days, 24 hours a day in 6-hour shifts. The 8 days, coming in at 192 hours total, now stands as the record for human group effort public performance. It lasted from January 7 (noon time, Tempe, AZ) to January 15 (noon time, Tempe, AZ) at the ASU Organ Hall.[10]

Halberstadt performance

[edit]
The bellows used for the Halberstadt performance
The organ used for the Halberstadt performance

Background

[edit]

Musicians and philosophers discussed Cage's instruction to play "as slow as possible" at a conference in 1997, because a properly maintained pipe organ could sound indefinitely. The John Cage Organ Foundation Halberstadt decided to play the piece for 639 years, to mark the time between the first documented permanent organ installation in Halberstadt Cathedral, circa 1361, and the originally proposed start date of 2000. Because of a lack of money, the date was postponed by one year.[11] The chord changes of the first part which ends in 2072 were calculated by Christoph Bossert and Rainer O. Neugebauer. Until August 2021 the Foundation sold plaques commemorating the years through 2640 to fund the performance.[12][13]

The instrument

[edit]

An organ was built specifically for the performance.[14] It is in the church's right transept, with the bellows in the left transept.

In 2011, the organ was encased in acrylic glass to reduce the volume, likely due to potential noise complaints.[15]

Performance

[edit]

The Halberstadt performance started on September 5, 2001, with a rest lasting until February 5, 2003, when the first pipes played.[16][17] Sandbags depress the organ's pedals to maintain the notes.[2] On July 5, 2008, two more organ pipes were added alongside the four already installed and the tone became more complex at 15:33 local time. The bellows provide a constant supply of air to keep the pipes playing.[18] On July 5, 2012, two more organ pipes were taken out, and two were in the organ. The note last changed on February 5, 2024. The performance is scheduled to end on September 4, 2640.

"ASLSP, Halberstadt, Jan 5 2006 note change"
The note change of January 5, 2006, takes place at 8:35 in this audio clip.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
John Cage ORGAN2/ASLSP (639 years, part 1: 70 years)[19]
Impulse Action Notes Date Chord
length
1 Begin none September 5, 2001
2 Sound G♯4, B4, G♯5 February 5, 2003 518 d
3 Sound E3, E4 July 5, 2004 516 d
4 Release G♯4, B4 July 5, 2005 365 d
5 Sound A4, C5, F♯5 January 5, 2006 184 d
6 Release E3, E4 May 5, 2006 120 d
7 Sound C4, A♭4 July 5, 2008 792 d
8 Release C4 November 5, 2008 123 d
9 Sound D4, E5 February 5, 2009 92 d
10 Release E5 July 5, 2010 515 d
11 Release D4, G♯5 February 5, 2011 215 d
12 Sound C4 (16′), D♭4 (16′) August 5, 2011 181 d
Release A♭4
13 Release A4, C5, F♯5 July 5, 2012 335 d
14 Sound D♯4, A♯4, E5 October 5, 2013 457 d
15 Sound G♯3, E4 September 5, 2020 2,527 d
16 Release G♯3 February 5, 2022 518 d
17 Sound D4 February 5, 2024 730 d
18 Sound A4 August 5, 2026 912 d
19 Release E4 October 5, 2027 426 d
20 Sound G3 April 5, 2028 183 d
21 Release D4 August 5, 2028 122 d
22 Release A4 March 5, 2030 577 d
23 Release D♯4, E5 September 5, 2030 184 d
24 Release G3 May 5, 2033 973 d
25 Sound B3 December 5, 2033 214 d
26 Sound F3, D4 August 5, 2034 243 d
27 Release F3, D4 September 5, 2034 31 d
28 Release B3 October 5, 2034 30 d
29 Sound D♭5 June 5, 2035 243 d
30 Sound A2 (16′) September 5, 2037 823 d
Release D♭5
31 Sound A♭4, A♭5 March 5, 2038 181 d
32 Release A♭5 July 5, 2038 122 d
33 Release A♭4 May 5, 2039 304 d
Impulse Action Notes Date Chord
length
34 Sound D4, A♭4 December 5, 2039 214 d
35 Release D4, A♭4 April 5, 2040 122 d
36 Sound D♭3, B♭3 January 5, 2041 275 d
37 Release D♭3, B♭3 March 5, 2042 424 d
38 Release A2 (16′) November 5, 2043 610 d
39 Sound A3, D4 July 5, 2044 243 d
40 Sound E4 March 5, 2045 243 d
Release A♯4
41 Sound B4, C5, A♯5 March 5, 2046 365 d
42 Release C4 (16′), B4, C5, A♯5 October 5, 2047 579 d
43 Sound C3 (16′) February 5, 2049 489 d
44 Sound D♯4, A4 April 5, 2050 424 d
45 Release A3, D4, E4 February 5, 2051 306 d
46 Release D♯4, A4 November 5, 2051 273 d
47 Sound E♭3, B3 May 5, 2053 547 d
48 Release C3 (16′) November 5, 2054 549 d
49 Release E♭3, B3 July 5, 2056 608 d
50 Sound B♭4 August 5, 2057 396 d
51 Sound A2 (16′) May 5, 2058 273 d
52 Release A2 (16′) November 5, 2059 549 d
53 Sound G♭4, C5, D♭5 April 5, 2060 152 d
54 Release G♭4, C5, D♭5 June 5, 2060 61 d
55 Sound E4 November 5, 2060 153 d
Release B♭4
56 Sound B4, C5, E♭5, C6 February 5, 2061 92 d
57 Release C5, E♭5, C6 April 5, 2061 59 d
58 Sound D4 September 5, 2061 153 d
Release E4
59 Sound A♯3, D♯4, F♯4 August 5, 2062 334 d
60 Release A♯3, F♯4 February 5, 2064 549 d
61 Sound A3, A4 January 5, 2067 1,065 d
Release D♯4
62 Release D4 June 5, 2067 151 d
63 Release A3, A4 July 5, 2068 396 d
64 Release D♭4 (16′) March 5, 2071 973 d
65 Release B4 July 5, 2071 122 d

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

As Slow as Possible

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
ORGAN²/ASLSP (As Slow as Possible) is an organ composition by American avant-garde composer , adapted in 1987 from his 1985 piano piece ASLSP, with the explicit instruction to perform it at an indeterminate tempo "as slow as possible." The work's most renowned interpretation is the ongoing performance in , , which began on September 5, 2001—Cage's 89th birthday—and is projected to last 639 years, concluding in 2640, making it the longest non-computerized musical performance in history. The original ASLSP for , premiered in 1985, typically lasts 20 to 70 minutes depending on the performer's interpretation of the marking. adapted it for organ in 1987 at the request of German Gerd Zacher, envisioning a sustained, evolving that challenges conventional notions of time, duration, and musical structure in line with his experimental philosophy. The score comprises eight short pieces, which may be performed in sequence, with repetitions allowed as per the performer's discretion, emphasizing long-held chords and silences, which allows for vast temporal expansion without altering the musical content. The project, organized by the Organ Foundation Halberstadt, takes place in the former Cistercian church of St. Burchardi, selected for its and . The 639-year duration commemorates the interval between 1361—the year the first fully chromatic organ was installed in —and 2000, symbolizing a bridge between medieval organ-building and modern . A custom organ was constructed for the performance, featuring mechanical and pipes capable of sustaining tones indefinitely, with no involved to ensure longevity across generations. The piece opened with a 17-month silence, followed by irregularly spaced chord changes; as of November 2025, the most recent alteration occurred on February 5, 2024, shifting to a new sustained harmony, with the next scheduled for August 5, 2026. This performance embodies Cage's interest in indeterminacy and the passage of time, drawing audiences to public chord-change events that foster intergenerational participation and reflection on impermanence. Funded through donations, ticketed ceremonies, and art initiatives like the "Final Ticket" for the 2640 conclusion, the project highlights themes of sustainability and cultural endurance. Other interpretations of ORGAN²/ASLSP exist, including a 14-hour version in 2009, but none match the Halberstadt rendition's scale or ambition.

Composition

Origins

John Cage composed the original piano version of ASLSP in 1985, commissioned by the Friends of the Maryland Summer Institute for the Creative and Performing Arts as a required contemporary work for the University of Maryland International Piano Festival and Competition. The piece was intended to introduce variety into the competition repertoire and provide a deliberate pause or "break" for the judges amid more conventional entries. Its title, an acronym for "As SLow aS Possible," also alludes to the phrase "Soft morning city. Lsp!" from James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, reflecting Cage's longstanding interest in literary and sonic experimentation. The work premiered on July 14, 1985, in , with typical performances of the piano version lasting between 20 and 70 minutes, depending on the interpreter's choices in and dynamics. Cage structured ASLSP around eight short pieces, with one omitted and another repeated at the performer's discretion, allowing for a fluid realization that corresponds spatially and temporally on the page and in sound. In 1987, at the suggestion of German organist Gerd Zacher, to whom it is dedicated, Cage adapted ASLSP for organ as Organ²/ASLSP, premiered by Zacher on November 21, 1987, at the Temple Neuf in , . This version leverages the organ's capacity for sustained tones, thereby expanding the piece's scope toward potentially indefinite durations and amplifying its challenge to conventional musical timing. Cage's philosophical underpinnings, drawn from Zen Buddhism and his advocacy for indeterminacy, infuse ASLSP with an intent to disrupt listeners' perceptions of time, duration, and , transforming music into a meditative exploration of environmental sounds and temporal expanse. These influences, evident across his oeuvre, underscore the piece's ethos of embracing chance and extended stillness over structured progression.

Score and Instructions

The score for Organ²/ASLSP (As SLow aS Possible), composed by in 1987, comprises eight pages of conventional adapted for solo organ, featuring sparse chord progressions and brief melodic lines that emphasize harmonic stasis over development. These elements are structured across four leaves, with each page containing two short pieces that must all be performed, though repetitions are permitted in any order to allow flexibility in realization. The notation employs standard staff lines, note values, and accidentals without specifying a fixed , enabling performers to interpret durations elastically—from conventional lengths to extreme extensions spanning years or centuries—through deliberate ambiguity in rhythmic and temporal constraints. Central to the work's directives is the titular instruction to perform "as slow as possible," which applies to the entire composition and invites indefinite prolongation of individual events. Sustained notes are to be held via organ pedals, creating prolonged drones that blend into the of performance spaces, while rests are explicitly notated and woven into the score as active silences rather than mere pauses. The piece concludes with a final sustained chord, underscoring Cage's focus on and the perceptual boundaries of time in music. This approach aligns with Cage's broader oeuvre, particularly 4'33" (1952), where duration and ambient silence serve as primary compositional materials, challenging traditional notions of musical activity and inviting listeners to engage with environmental sounds as integral to the work. Originally commissioned as ASLSP for in 1985 and later revised for organ, the score's openness exemplifies Cage's interest in indeterminacy and the democratization of interpretive authority.

Performances

Early and Short Performances

The first public performance of John Cage's ASLSP took place on July 14, 1985, as a piano version during the University of Maryland International Piano Festival and Competition in . Commissioned by The Friends of the Maryland Summer Institute for the Creative and Performing Arts, this rendition adhered to the score's instructions and lasted approximately 20 minutes. The piece, consisting of eight pages with one omitted and one repeated while maintaining order, exemplified Cage's interest in temporal flexibility, allowing performers to interpret "as slow as possible" within practical constraints for a solo setting. In 1987, Cage adapted ASLSP for organ at the suggestion of German Gerd Zacher, to whom the version is dedicated. The premiere of this organ adaptation occurred on November 21, 1987, in , , performed by Zacher himself and lasting just over 29 minutes. This performance, like the original version, stayed true to the score's structure without extreme prolongation, emphasizing sustained tones and silences in an context. Subsequent organ renditions in the late 1980s and 1990s, often in European and American academic venues, typically ran under an hour, such as Zacher's recorded interpretation clocking in at around 29.5 minutes. These early executions, presented in settings like university festivals and festivals, were received as innovative explorations of duration and in . Critics and audiences appreciated their challenge to conventional but did not yet interpret the title as a call for multi-hour or multi-day extensions, viewing them instead as thoughtful extensions of Cage's indeterminate aesthetic.

Record Duration Performances

One notable attempt to extend the duration of Organ²/ASLSP came in 2009, when organist Diane Luchese performed the piece over 14.93 hours at Towson University's Center for the Arts in . The performance began at 8:45 a.m. on and concluded at 11:41 p.m., marking it as the longest recorded rendition at the time and remaining so until 2022. Luchese's interpretation emphasized the piece's directive for slowness by stretching the score's time proportions across the full day. This record was surpassed in 2022 by performer "Albert Wright," who executed a 24.001-hour continuous rendition streamed live on Twitch under the AllRequest_Live channel from an undisclosed location. The event, starting at 12:00 p.m. on February 4, was later archived on , allowing viewers to experience the extended unfolding of Cage's sparse score. In 2023, Meszler performed a 24-hour version at Luther College. Wright's effort highlighted the feasibility of human-led marathon performances, pushing the boundaries of in interpreting the work's open-ended tempo. The current benchmark was set on March 4, 2025, by Francesco Pio Gennarelli, whose 25.003-hour performance established a new world record. Beginning at 2:10 p.m. and streamed live on , it extended into the following day, concluding at 3:10 p.m. on March 5. Gennarelli's rendition, documented in full across video parts, further amplified the piece's conceptual focus on protracted time through meticulous pacing of its eight pages. These record attempts rely on organ-specific techniques to enable prolonged play without constant manual input, such as placing custom lead weights on keys to sustain chords indefinitely while the instrument's electric blower maintains airflow. Performers incorporate minimal interventions during rests—allowing brief pauses for sustenance or adjustments—and automate sustaining mechanisms to ensure seamless continuity across hours or days, aligning with the score's emphasis on uninterrupted sonic presence.

Halberstadt Project

Background and Organization

The John Cage Organ Foundation Halberstadt was established in the late 1990s to realize an extended performance of John Cage's ORGAN²/ASLSP, drawing inspiration from the composer's death in 1992 and the historical significance of the 1361 installation of Europe's first permanent organ with a divided keyboard in Halberstadt's St. Burchardi Church. This endeavor positioned the project as a philosophical exploration of time, sound, and endurance, leveraging the open-ended nature of Cage's score, which instructs performers to play "as slow as possible" without specifying duration. Originally planned to commence in 2000 to align symbolically with the , the performance was delayed until September 5, 2001, due to challenges in securing initial funding; it is scheduled to conclude on September 4, 2640, encompassing 639 years to mirror the interval between the 1361 organ installation and the turn of the . Key organizers Christoph Bossert and Rainer O. Neugebauer played central roles in the logistical planning, including the calculation of the chord change based on the score's structural elements, ensuring the performance's longevity and fidelity to Cage's intent. The foundation operates as a private, voluntary with minimal endowment capital, relying primarily on public contributions for . Until August 2021, it funded operations through the sale of personalized donor plaques, each commemorating a specific year of the up to 2640 and inscribed with custom messages from supporters, thereby engaging the public in this long-term cultural .

Custom Instrument

The specialized organ for the Halberstadt performance of John Cage's ORGAN²/ASLSP was constructed by acclaimed German organ builder Gerald Woehl and completed in 2000, drawing inspiration from the town's historic Blockwerk organ to ensure compatibility with the church's medieval acoustics. Positioned in the right of St. Burchardi Church, the instrument features pipes arranged for sustained tones, with the housed separately in the left to optimize space and airflow distribution. The design allows for multiple pipes to support individual notes for necessary volume and stability, enabling tones to resonate without interruption. Operation relies on a purely mechanical system with no electrical components, emphasizing manual intervention for reliability over centuries of use. Pedals are depressed and held by sandbags suspended from strings, enabling notes to be sustained indefinitely without continuous human or powered assistance, thus minimizing wear and operational demands. This approach supports the project's ambitious 639-year duration by prioritizing durability and low-maintenance engineering, with provisions for periodic adjustments to pipes and components as needed. In 2011, the organ underwent a significant modification when it was encased in a cube of acrylic glass, which serves to control acoustic output by reducing the sound to a near-whisper level while simultaneously protecting the mechanism from dust accumulation and . This enclosure enhances the instrument's longevity, ensuring it can function with minimal intervention throughout the performance's extended timeline.

Performance Details

The performance of John Cage's ORGAN²/ASLSP commenced on September 5, 2001, with an initial rest period of lasting until February 5, 2003, at which point the first chord—consisting of two G sharps and a B—was introduced by volunteers manually activating the organ pipes. This opening phase emphasized the piece's temporal expanse, allowing the organ's to produce wind without sound, setting the stage for the gradual unfolding of the composition. The adheres strictly to Cage's score, stretched across the full 639-year duration, with alterations occurring at intervals ranging from a few months to several years, ensuring the music evolves imperceptibly over generations. Each note change is executed by trained volunteers who carefully adjust the organ's mechanisms during scheduled public ceremonies, transforming these rare events into communal rituals that draw audiences to witness the subtle shifts in harmony. Between changes, the sustaining mechanism relies on sandbags and wooden blocks placed on the pedals to depress them continuously, enabling the notes to resonate indefinitely without ongoing human or computerized intervention. This low-tech approach, supported by the custom organ's design, permits the drones to fill the space of St. Burchardi Church uninterrupted. The performance is slated to conclude on , 2640, with the final release of the last chord, marking the piece's termination after precisely 639 years from its start. As the longest-running non-computerized musical work ever undertaken, it exemplifies Cage's exploration of duration and indeterminacy, relying entirely on mechanical and human elements for its execution.

Recent Developments

On February 5, 2024, the performance of John Cage's Organ²/ASLSP underwent its 16th chord change, introducing a new note (D) to the existing six-note chord (C, D-flat, D-sharp, E, A-sharp, E) after a two-year sustain, drawing a public audience and media attention to the event in St. Burchardi Church. The next chord change is scheduled for August 5, 2026, marking the 17th alteration by adding an A note, advancing the composition toward its conclusion in 2640. As of November 2025, the seven-note chord from 2024 continues to sound. Following the end of donor plaque sales in 2021, the Organ Foundation has sustained the project through voluntary efforts, private donations from enthusiasts, sponsorships, and revenue from site visitors, ensuring the performance's continuity with limited capital. The project's endurance has garnered ongoing media recognition for its conceptual depth, with coverage from outlets like and highlighting its cultural impact as a on time and persistence, while the performance's approach to its 24th year as of 2025 has further inspired global discussions on long-duration art.

References

  1. https://newmusicusa.org/nmbx/cage-performance-to-run-longer-than-cats/
  2. https://www.npr.org/2024/02/06/1229217832/germany-john-cage-slow-organ-2-aslsp
  3. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/john-cage-as-slow-as-possible-1.7109023
  4. https://johncage.org/pp/John-Cage-Work-Detail.cfm?work_ID=30
  5. https://www.classicfm.com/composers/cage/as-slow-a-possible-aslsp-germany-organ-chord-change/
  6. https://johncage.org/pp/John-Cage-Work-Detail.cfm?work_ID=148
  7. https://universes.art/en/specials/john-cage-organ-project-halberstadt
  8. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/as-slow-as-possible/
  9. https://www.aslsp.org/
  10. https://www.frieze.com/article/carson-chan-john-cage-244
  11. https://www.johncage.org/pp/John-Cage-Work-Detail.cfm?work_ID=30
  12. https://www.classicfm.com/composers/cage/as-slow-as-possible-organ-chord-change/
  13. https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/work/69618/OrganASLSP--John-Cage/
  14. https://www.themarginalian.org/2012/07/05/where-the-heart-beats-john-cage-kay-larson/
  15. https://www.dw.com/en/the-john-cage-work-performed-over-639-years/a-54804501
  16. https://www.blackmountaincollege.org/john-cage-a-circle-of-influences/
  17. https://junctionsjournal.org/articles/27/files/submission/proof/27-1-120-1-10-20190119.pdf
  18. https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/work/66324/ASLSP--John-Cage/
  19. https://www.hs-harz.de/user-mounts/292_m128/RON_John_Cage_Organ_Project___Climate_Change.pdf
  20. https://longnow.org/ideas/as-slow-as-possible/
  21. https://www.baltimoresun.com/2009/02/01/a-marathon-for-organ-player/
  22. https://www.towson.edu/cofac/departments/music/facultystaff/dluchese.html
  23. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/john-cage-organ-2428856
  24. https://nyweekly.com/entertainment/albert-wrights-twitch-live-stream-of-cages-epic-piece/
  25. https://issuu.com/fullec2/docs/2023-01-29_alexander_meszler_program_notes
  26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv_bXRMTJog
  27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsNE-2K-uEk
  28. https://www.letteraturacapracottese.com/post/storia-organo-12
  29. https://www.aslsp.org/the-project.html
  30. https://musicologynow.org/longplayers/
  31. https://universes.art/en/specials/john-cage-organ-project-halberstadt/benefactor-plates
  32. https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2019/04/halberstadt-john-cage-organ-feature/
  33. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/04/john-cage-gig-2640-german-church-halberstadt-st-burchardi-
  34. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/arts/music/john-cage-as-slow-as-possible-germany.html
  35. https://www.slowdown.media/article/john-cage-organ2-aslsp
  36. https://aestheticsforbirds.com/2014/10/23/keeping-our-place-by-jennifer-judkins/
  37. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/05/slowly-does-it-chord-changes-in-639-year-long-organ-piece
  38. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/arts/music/06chor.html
  39. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68209691
  40. https://www.classical-music.com/news/john-cage-as-slow-as-possible-2024-chord
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