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Anarchism in Portugal
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Anarchism in Portugal
Anarchism in Portugal first appeared in the form of organized groups in the mid-1880s. It was present from the first steps of the workers' movement, revolutionary unionism and anarcho-syndicalism had a lasting influence on the General Confederation of Labour, founded in 1919.
The 28 May 1926 coup d'état established a National Dictatorship that harshly repressed the workers' movement. The Estado Novo made any anarchist activity illegal, which forced the libertarian movement to clandestine action. In 1974, after the fall of the dictatorship in the Carnation Revolution, the Hot Summer of 1975 brought about a sense of "anarcho-populism", a residue of the spirit of May 1968.
During the 1850s, the first Portuguese workers' organisations were established along mutualist lines, influenced by the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. By the 1870s, some of these organisations began to federate together and dedicate themselves to class struggle, with the Portuguese Socialist Party (PSP) becoming the first national workers' organisation in the country. The Portuguese section of the International Workingmen's Association was formed in 1871.
During this time, the two-party system that governed the Kingdom of Portugal broke down, before finally collapsing in the 1890s. As constitutional monarchy lost popularity, republicanism, anarchism and syndicalism began to gain ground.
The first anarchist groups appeared in the mid-1880s. A period of intense editorial activity then began, as several dozen anarchist periodicals were published throughout the country. Under the influence of Élisée Reclus and Peter Kropotkin, libertarian communism appeared in Lisbon and Porto around 1886–1887, with the publication of a few libertarian periodicals and the establishment of the first agitprop groups. The Portuguese state also legalized trade unions in 1891.[citation needed]
Along with trade unionism, propaganda was developed in particular by journalist José do Vale, editor of the newspapers O Petardo and La Dinamite. The "exemplary gesture" is practically daily and appears, in a way, as a complement to "legal action", when this has exhausted its possibilities. A wave of individual attacks targeted journalists (such as Manuel Pinheiro Chagas in February 1888 for disrespecting Louise Michel), bosses, representatives of the State or the judiciary such as Judge Barros in 1896.
Faced with the specter of "revolutionary terror", the State adopted in 1896 – following the example of the French villainous laws – a special law against anarchist activities. This law reproduced in Portugal the repressive policies of other countries which targeted anarchists and the labor movement, culminating in the International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists in 1898.
By the time that the anti-anarchist law was passed, the Portuguese anarchist movement had grown to count 36 groups; they were largely concentrated in the north, where anarchists in Porto supported the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Federation, a splinter of the PSP which counted 13,000 members. After the passage of the anti-anarchist law, many more anarchists integrated themselves into the syndicalist movement and joined the federation, provoking the organisation's leadership to dissolve itself back into the PSP. By the turn of the 20th century, trade unions in Portugal were largely dominated by the PSP; anarchists held a comparatively minor amount of influence.
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Anarchism in Portugal
Anarchism in Portugal first appeared in the form of organized groups in the mid-1880s. It was present from the first steps of the workers' movement, revolutionary unionism and anarcho-syndicalism had a lasting influence on the General Confederation of Labour, founded in 1919.
The 28 May 1926 coup d'état established a National Dictatorship that harshly repressed the workers' movement. The Estado Novo made any anarchist activity illegal, which forced the libertarian movement to clandestine action. In 1974, after the fall of the dictatorship in the Carnation Revolution, the Hot Summer of 1975 brought about a sense of "anarcho-populism", a residue of the spirit of May 1968.
During the 1850s, the first Portuguese workers' organisations were established along mutualist lines, influenced by the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. By the 1870s, some of these organisations began to federate together and dedicate themselves to class struggle, with the Portuguese Socialist Party (PSP) becoming the first national workers' organisation in the country. The Portuguese section of the International Workingmen's Association was formed in 1871.
During this time, the two-party system that governed the Kingdom of Portugal broke down, before finally collapsing in the 1890s. As constitutional monarchy lost popularity, republicanism, anarchism and syndicalism began to gain ground.
The first anarchist groups appeared in the mid-1880s. A period of intense editorial activity then began, as several dozen anarchist periodicals were published throughout the country. Under the influence of Élisée Reclus and Peter Kropotkin, libertarian communism appeared in Lisbon and Porto around 1886–1887, with the publication of a few libertarian periodicals and the establishment of the first agitprop groups. The Portuguese state also legalized trade unions in 1891.[citation needed]
Along with trade unionism, propaganda was developed in particular by journalist José do Vale, editor of the newspapers O Petardo and La Dinamite. The "exemplary gesture" is practically daily and appears, in a way, as a complement to "legal action", when this has exhausted its possibilities. A wave of individual attacks targeted journalists (such as Manuel Pinheiro Chagas in February 1888 for disrespecting Louise Michel), bosses, representatives of the State or the judiciary such as Judge Barros in 1896.
Faced with the specter of "revolutionary terror", the State adopted in 1896 – following the example of the French villainous laws – a special law against anarchist activities. This law reproduced in Portugal the repressive policies of other countries which targeted anarchists and the labor movement, culminating in the International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists in 1898.
By the time that the anti-anarchist law was passed, the Portuguese anarchist movement had grown to count 36 groups; they were largely concentrated in the north, where anarchists in Porto supported the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Federation, a splinter of the PSP which counted 13,000 members. After the passage of the anti-anarchist law, many more anarchists integrated themselves into the syndicalist movement and joined the federation, provoking the organisation's leadership to dissolve itself back into the PSP. By the turn of the 20th century, trade unions in Portugal were largely dominated by the PSP; anarchists held a comparatively minor amount of influence.