The Andalusia Campaign refers to the set of military operations that took place in Andalusia between the nationalist and republican forces, during the first months of the Spanish Civil War.

The military coup had managed to triumph in several Andalusian provincial capitals —Seville, Córdoba, Granada or Cádiz—, but most of the territory remained loyal to the Republic. The arrival of powerful reinforcements from the Army of Africa and the inability of the republican forces allowed the rebels to gain control of most of western Andalusia, uniting the main centers that they controlled. However, the bulk of the rebel forces headed towards Extremadura and the central area of the peninsula, so the Andalusian front would end up becoming a secondary sector during the rest of the contest.

On July 17, in the afternoon, the military garrison of Melilla unexpectedly revolted. After Melilla, the other places of the protectorate of Morocco followed, and then the day following the uprising of the garrison of the Canary Islands took place, under the command of General Francisco Franco

That day the uprising spread to the Iberian Peninsula. At two in the afternoon on July 18, a part of the Seville garrison revolted against the Government. General Queipo de Llano, main leader of the conspiracy in Andalusia, arrested the commanders of the II Organic Division and took control of it. Although he encountered strong popular resistance in various parts of the city, Queipo de Llano managed to dominate the urban center and the Tablada airfield. He then gave the order to the remaining Andalusian garrisons to revolt, without waiting until the 19th as planned in Emilio Mola. A few hours later, in the city of Córdoba, Colonel Ciriaco Cascajo revolted the artillery regiment and proclaimed a state of war, managing to dominate the city. Throughout In the afternoon the garrisons of Cádiz (general José López-Pinto), Jerez de la Frontera (commander Salvador de Arizón), Algeciras (lieutenant colonel Manuel Coco) and Málaga (general Francisco Patxot). The uprising in the capital of Malaga failed miserably and left this province under government control; On the contrary, the triumph of the uprising in the province of Cádiz gave the opportunity to cross the Strait of Gibraltar to some units of the Army of Africa that would be decisive.

The garrison of Granada revolted finally on the afternoon of July 20, and managed to take full control of the city only several days later, after subduing popular resistance. For their part, Huelva, Jaén and Almería remained faithful to the republican authorities, despite the failed attempt at rebellion in Almería.

On the afternoon of July 22, the rebel forces managed to secure control of Seville. This allowed them to have a very important base of operations in the south of Spain, as well as an important logistics and communications center. From Seville, various expeditions began to be sent to the surrounding towns in order to ensure control of the capital of Seville. On the 19th they managed to conquer Dos Hermanas. Two days later a column of regulars was rejected in Carmona by anarchist militias, although this town would finally be taken the following day after being subjected to intense artillery fire. These movements were important, since the conquest of Dos Hermanas made it possible to secure communications from Seville with Cádiz, while Carmona assured them communications with Córdoba. On the 22nd also Arahal fell, after which between 146 and 1,600 people were executed. On August 7, a column from Seville to conquer Lora del Río, which fell the next day after a brief artillery and aerial bombardment. In revenge for the murders that some leftists had carried out after the outbreak of the war, the conquerors undertook a very harsh repression: between 600 and 1,000 people were shot, sometimes entire families were executed.

A column commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Castejón left Seville heading east, and in a series of raids his forces managed to conquer Alcalá de Guadaira, La Puebla de Cazalla, and Morón de la Frontera. , Écija, Osuna, Estepa and La Roda. The taking of Alcalá de Guadaira was significant, due to its important bakery production. In another action, on July 26, Castejón's forces took the Huelva town of La Palma del Condado, after a brief bombardment.

From Huelva the republican authorities organized a column of miners and civil guards with the intention of quelling the uprising in Seville. The column left Huelva and picked up volunteers on its way to the capital of Seville, but on the morning of July 19 it suffered an ambush in La Pañoleta, near Camas, and was practically destroyed. Shortly after, the rebels organized a column under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ramón de Carranza, who in a quick raid would end up taking Huelva on July 29. The rebels led by Carranza entered the city after discovering that many of the republican authorities had fled by sea. With this action, the majority of towns that went to the Portuguese border fell into the hands of the rebel columns. Next, the rebels launched themselves into the mining basins of Tharsis mining basin and Riotinto mining basin, of great strategic importance. The rest of the province remained in Republican hands until the end of August. The resistance in the mining regions was very tough, despite the serious military inferiority in which the militias found themselves. On September 19, 1936, with the taking of Cumbres de Enmedio, Cumbres Mayores and Hinojales it was considered occupied the entire province.