The Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem (Arabic: أبرشية القدس الأنغليكانية) is the Anglican jurisdiction for Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. It is a part of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, and has diocesan offices at St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem.

Today, Anglicans constitute a large portion of Jerusalem's Christians. The diocese has a membership of around 7,000 people, with 35 service institutions, 29 parishes, 1500 employees, 200 hospital beds, and 6,000 students. The bishop of the diocese was styled Bishop in Jerusalem from 1976 until 2014 and from 1841 until 1957, and since then has been styled Archbishop in Jerusalem, as he was between 1957 and 1976.

Lord Shaftesbury sought to turn his vision of a restored and converted Israel into official government policy. His plan was Jewish resettlement in Palestine and the creation of an Anglican church on Mt. Zion In March 1838, a consulate was opened in Jerusalem and a vice-consul was appointed "to afford protection of the Jews generally" in Palestine.

The Damascus Incident of 1840 provided a motive for more concrete British intervention on behalf of the Jews in Turkey. Under the influence of Lord Ashley, Lord Palmerston, the Foreign Secretary, called for the Porte to facilitate the settlement of Jews from all Europe and Africa in Palestine in addition to allowing Jews living in the Turkish empire "to transmit to the Porte, through British authorities, any complaints which they might have to prefer against the Turkish authorities." The latter was granted by the Sultan in February 1841. Equality of treatment to Jewish subjects was guaranteed in April. The British government wanted to prop up the ailing Ottomans, and admitting Jews to Palestine with "the wealth they would bring with them would increase the resources of the Sultan's dominions."

The establishment of an Anglican bishopric in Jerusalem was one of the goals of the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews. The plan also had the support of the Protestant king Frederick William of Prussia; he appointed an envoy to England specifically to aid Lord Ashley in the project. Their joint efforts failed mainly in overcoming opposition from Anglo-Catholic groups in England, under the Oxford Movement, which was trying to reconcile the English Church with Rome.

Michael Alexander, a converted Jew and professor of Hebrew and Arabic at King's College, was chosen by Palmerston (on the advice of Ashley) to be the first Bishop in Jerusalem. The Bill creating the Bishopric of Jerusalem was passed by parliament and received royal assent on 5 October 1841. For the time being the diocese would be run in joint effort with the united Evangelical Church in Prussia which rejected the idea of Apostolic succession, held by Anglicans.

Much like the general failure of the Jews' Society to bring about any considerable mass conversion of the Jews, the initial impact the diocese was disappointing. Elliot Warburton on visiting Bishop Alexander's church in Jerusalem found a total congregation of eight converted Jews and one or two tourists.

In 1849, Christ Church, Jerusalem near Jaffa Gate became the first Anglican/Lutheran church in the city, and in 1871 Christ Church in Nazareth was consecrated.