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Anna Mae Aquash
Annie Mae Aquash (Mi'kmaq name Naguset Eask) (March 27, 1945 – mid-December 1975) was a First Nations activist and Mi'kmaq tribal member from Nova Scotia, Canada. Aquash moved to Boston in the 1960s and joined other First Nations and Indigenous Americans focused on education, resistance, and police brutality against urban Indigenous peoples. She was a member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and participated in several occupations with them. In December 1975, she was kidnapped and murdered in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation by members of AIM. Her body was later found in February 1976. In the 2000s, several members of AIM were convicted of kidnapping and murdering her.
In 1973, as part of AIM, she participated in the Wounded Knee Occupation at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Aquash had also participated in the 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties and occupation of the Department of Interior headquarters in Washington, DC. In the following years, Aquash was active in protests to draw positive government action and acknowledgement of First Nations and Native American civil rights in Canada and the United States.
Aquash disappeared in late December 1975, leading to rumors that she had been assassinated. On February 24, 1976, Aquash's body was found in Wanblee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was determined to have died from exposure by a Bureau of Indian Affairs medical examiner. But a second autopsy two weeks later concluded that she had been murdered by an execution-style gunshot to the head. Initially, her death was covered up, and the body declared to be "unidentifiable." Aquash was thirty years old at the time of her murder and had two young daughters, Debbie and Denise.
After decades of investigation and the hearing of testimony by three federal grand juries, in March 2003, AIM members Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham were indicted for the murder of Aquash. Looking Cloud was convicted in 2004 and Graham in 2010; both received life sentences. Thelma Rios was indicted along with John Graham, but she pleaded guilty to charges as an accessory to the kidnapping. In 2008 Vine Richard "Dick" Marshall was charged with aiding the murder, but was acquitted of providing the gun. Numerous Aquash supporters and her daughters believe that higher-level AIM officials, including Leonard Peltier, ordered her murder, fearing she was an FBI informant.
Annie Mae Pictou was born on March 27, 1945 into the Mi'kmaq First Nation at Indian Brook Reserve in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Her mother was Mary Ellen Pictou and her father Francis Thomas Levi. She had two older sisters, Mary and Becky Pictou, and a younger brother Francis. In early childhood they lived in the wilderness in a wigwam. When the children were abandoned there, rescuers took them to the reservation for care. Pictou and her siblings received their early educations on the reserve but struggled with poverty throughout their early lives. At the age of eight, Pictou had tuberculosis in the eyes and lungs.
In 1962, Pictou was 17 years old when she moved with James Maloney from the reserve to Boston. They had two daughters together, Denise, born in June 1964, and Debbie, born in September 1965. They married that year. They divorced in mid-1970 after Pictou found Maloney was having an affair.
Pictou later married Nogeeshik Aquash, an Ojibwa activist, in a Native ceremony on April 12, 1973. She kept his last name after they separated.
In Boston, Pictou began to meet urban American Indians and other First Nations people from Canada. About 1968–1969, she met members of the American Indian Movement (AIM), founded in Minneapolis in 1968. They were organizing among urban Indians, initially to combat police discrimination and brutality against their people. Pictou became involved in the Teaching and Research in Bicultural Education School Project (TRIBES), a program in Bar Harbor, Maine to teach young American Indians about their history.
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Anna Mae Aquash
Annie Mae Aquash (Mi'kmaq name Naguset Eask) (March 27, 1945 – mid-December 1975) was a First Nations activist and Mi'kmaq tribal member from Nova Scotia, Canada. Aquash moved to Boston in the 1960s and joined other First Nations and Indigenous Americans focused on education, resistance, and police brutality against urban Indigenous peoples. She was a member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and participated in several occupations with them. In December 1975, she was kidnapped and murdered in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation by members of AIM. Her body was later found in February 1976. In the 2000s, several members of AIM were convicted of kidnapping and murdering her.
In 1973, as part of AIM, she participated in the Wounded Knee Occupation at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Aquash had also participated in the 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties and occupation of the Department of Interior headquarters in Washington, DC. In the following years, Aquash was active in protests to draw positive government action and acknowledgement of First Nations and Native American civil rights in Canada and the United States.
Aquash disappeared in late December 1975, leading to rumors that she had been assassinated. On February 24, 1976, Aquash's body was found in Wanblee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was determined to have died from exposure by a Bureau of Indian Affairs medical examiner. But a second autopsy two weeks later concluded that she had been murdered by an execution-style gunshot to the head. Initially, her death was covered up, and the body declared to be "unidentifiable." Aquash was thirty years old at the time of her murder and had two young daughters, Debbie and Denise.
After decades of investigation and the hearing of testimony by three federal grand juries, in March 2003, AIM members Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham were indicted for the murder of Aquash. Looking Cloud was convicted in 2004 and Graham in 2010; both received life sentences. Thelma Rios was indicted along with John Graham, but she pleaded guilty to charges as an accessory to the kidnapping. In 2008 Vine Richard "Dick" Marshall was charged with aiding the murder, but was acquitted of providing the gun. Numerous Aquash supporters and her daughters believe that higher-level AIM officials, including Leonard Peltier, ordered her murder, fearing she was an FBI informant.
Annie Mae Pictou was born on March 27, 1945 into the Mi'kmaq First Nation at Indian Brook Reserve in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Her mother was Mary Ellen Pictou and her father Francis Thomas Levi. She had two older sisters, Mary and Becky Pictou, and a younger brother Francis. In early childhood they lived in the wilderness in a wigwam. When the children were abandoned there, rescuers took them to the reservation for care. Pictou and her siblings received their early educations on the reserve but struggled with poverty throughout their early lives. At the age of eight, Pictou had tuberculosis in the eyes and lungs.
In 1962, Pictou was 17 years old when she moved with James Maloney from the reserve to Boston. They had two daughters together, Denise, born in June 1964, and Debbie, born in September 1965. They married that year. They divorced in mid-1970 after Pictou found Maloney was having an affair.
Pictou later married Nogeeshik Aquash, an Ojibwa activist, in a Native ceremony on April 12, 1973. She kept his last name after they separated.
In Boston, Pictou began to meet urban American Indians and other First Nations people from Canada. About 1968–1969, she met members of the American Indian Movement (AIM), founded in Minneapolis in 1968. They were organizing among urban Indians, initially to combat police discrimination and brutality against their people. Pictou became involved in the Teaching and Research in Bicultural Education School Project (TRIBES), a program in Bar Harbor, Maine to teach young American Indians about their history.