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Anzick-1 AI simulator
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Anzick-1 AI simulator
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Anzick-1
Anzick-1 was a young (1–2 years old) Paleoindian child whose remains were found in south central Montana, United States, in 1968. He has been dated to 12,990–12,840 years Before Present. The child was found with more than 115 tools made of stone and antlers and dusted with red ocher, suggesting a deliberate burial. Anzick-1 is the only human whose remains are associated with the Clovis culture, and is the first ancient Native American genome to be fully sequenced.
Paleogenomic analysis of the remains revealed Siberian ancestry and a closer genetic relationship to modern Amerindians of Central and South America than to those of Northern America. Anzick-1's discovery and subsequent analysis has been controversial. The remains were found on private land, so compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was not required in their study. However, some Native American tribal members in Montana felt they should have been consulted before the researchers undertook analysis of the infant's skeleton and genome. Montana State law does require consultation with Native Americans concerning disposition of ancient skeletal remains.
After consultation, Anzick-1 was reburied on June 28, 2014, in the Shields River Valley in an intertribal ceremony. The numerous Clovis artifacts associated with the first burial are curated at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana.
The Anzick site was accidentally discovered by two construction workers in a collapsed rock shelter near Wilsall, Montana, on private land. The remains were found on the ranch of the Anzick family.
The Anzick-1 remains were found buried among numerous tools: 100 stone tools and 15 remnants of tools made of antler. The site contained hundreds of stone projectile points, bifaces and flake tools. All of the artifacts were covered in red ocher. The stone points were identified as those of the Clovis culture because of their distinct shape and size. Radiocarbon dating of the artefacts and the remains of Anzick-1 indicate an age of around 12,990–12,840 years Before Present for the burial. Skull fragments of a second individual (Anzick-2), a child of around 6-8 years of age, were also found at the site 6 metres (20 ft) east of Anzick-1, which lack ocher staining. The two individuals were originally thought to be contemporaneous, but later carbon dating revealed that the skull fragments of Anzick-2 date to around 9530 to 9600 years ago, several thousand years younger than Anzick-1, and thus was unrelated to the Anzick-1 and the Clovis artefacts.
The tools found at the site appear to exhibit use-wear, and therefore were not manufactured specifically for the burial. The antler artifacts were in the form of rods at least some of which appeared to have been beveled. Similar rods have been found at other Clovis culture and Paleoindian sites. The function of these rods is unknown, but may have served as foreshafts to which stone points were hafted. Genetic analysis of the antler rods found with Anzick-1 indicates that the antlers used to create the artifacts were those of elk, representing some of the oldest records of elk in North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The antlers were radiocarbon dated to between 56 and 483 years before Anzick-1's death and as such, it is questionable if artifacts found at the site such as the Clovis points were actually produced by Anzick-1's community.
Anzick-1's skeletal remains included 28 cranial fragments comprising much of the calvaria, the left clavicle, and several ribs. These bones were discovered in highly fragmented states; however, partial reconstruction of the crania allowed for age estimation, investigation of basic health indicators, and some information about cultural practices. Originally, investigators thought the left clavicle showed evidence of cremation, but further analysis revealed that the discoloration was the result of groundwater staining and not fire. Additionally, all of the Anzick-1 remains were stained with ocher, which masks the natural color of the infant's bones.
Due to the incomplete nature of the remains of Anzick-1, no cause of death could be ascertained.
Anzick-1
Anzick-1 was a young (1–2 years old) Paleoindian child whose remains were found in south central Montana, United States, in 1968. He has been dated to 12,990–12,840 years Before Present. The child was found with more than 115 tools made of stone and antlers and dusted with red ocher, suggesting a deliberate burial. Anzick-1 is the only human whose remains are associated with the Clovis culture, and is the first ancient Native American genome to be fully sequenced.
Paleogenomic analysis of the remains revealed Siberian ancestry and a closer genetic relationship to modern Amerindians of Central and South America than to those of Northern America. Anzick-1's discovery and subsequent analysis has been controversial. The remains were found on private land, so compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was not required in their study. However, some Native American tribal members in Montana felt they should have been consulted before the researchers undertook analysis of the infant's skeleton and genome. Montana State law does require consultation with Native Americans concerning disposition of ancient skeletal remains.
After consultation, Anzick-1 was reburied on June 28, 2014, in the Shields River Valley in an intertribal ceremony. The numerous Clovis artifacts associated with the first burial are curated at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana.
The Anzick site was accidentally discovered by two construction workers in a collapsed rock shelter near Wilsall, Montana, on private land. The remains were found on the ranch of the Anzick family.
The Anzick-1 remains were found buried among numerous tools: 100 stone tools and 15 remnants of tools made of antler. The site contained hundreds of stone projectile points, bifaces and flake tools. All of the artifacts were covered in red ocher. The stone points were identified as those of the Clovis culture because of their distinct shape and size. Radiocarbon dating of the artefacts and the remains of Anzick-1 indicate an age of around 12,990–12,840 years Before Present for the burial. Skull fragments of a second individual (Anzick-2), a child of around 6-8 years of age, were also found at the site 6 metres (20 ft) east of Anzick-1, which lack ocher staining. The two individuals were originally thought to be contemporaneous, but later carbon dating revealed that the skull fragments of Anzick-2 date to around 9530 to 9600 years ago, several thousand years younger than Anzick-1, and thus was unrelated to the Anzick-1 and the Clovis artefacts.
The tools found at the site appear to exhibit use-wear, and therefore were not manufactured specifically for the burial. The antler artifacts were in the form of rods at least some of which appeared to have been beveled. Similar rods have been found at other Clovis culture and Paleoindian sites. The function of these rods is unknown, but may have served as foreshafts to which stone points were hafted. Genetic analysis of the antler rods found with Anzick-1 indicates that the antlers used to create the artifacts were those of elk, representing some of the oldest records of elk in North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The antlers were radiocarbon dated to between 56 and 483 years before Anzick-1's death and as such, it is questionable if artifacts found at the site such as the Clovis points were actually produced by Anzick-1's community.
Anzick-1's skeletal remains included 28 cranial fragments comprising much of the calvaria, the left clavicle, and several ribs. These bones were discovered in highly fragmented states; however, partial reconstruction of the crania allowed for age estimation, investigation of basic health indicators, and some information about cultural practices. Originally, investigators thought the left clavicle showed evidence of cremation, but further analysis revealed that the discoloration was the result of groundwater staining and not fire. Additionally, all of the Anzick-1 remains were stained with ocher, which masks the natural color of the infant's bones.
Due to the incomplete nature of the remains of Anzick-1, no cause of death could be ascertained.