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Apios americana
Apios americana, sometimes called the American groundnut, potato bean, hopniss, Indian potato, hodoimo, America-hodoimo, cinnamon vine, or groundnut (not to be confused with other plants in the subfamily Faboideae sometimes known by that name) is a deciduous or evergreen perennial vine that bears edible beans and large edible tubers.
The vine of American groundnut can grow to 1–6 metres (3+1⁄2–19+1⁄2 feet) long. It has pinnate leaves 8–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long with 5–7 leaflets.
The flowers are usually pink, purple, or red-brown, and are produced in dense racemes 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. The fruit is a legume (pod) 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. In botanical terms, the tubers are rhizomatous stems, not roots.
The species is normally 2n=2x=22, diploid, but both diploid and triploid forms exist. Only diploids are capable of producing seeds; triploids will produce flowers but not seeds. Thus, triploids are entirely dependent on tuber division for propagation whereas diploids can be propagated through both seeds and tubers. Other than seed production, there are no easily identifiable differences between diploids and triploids. Triploids are generally found in the northern part of American groundnut's range whereas diploids predominate in the southern part of the range. Triploids have been identified in Canada (in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario) and the United States (in Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Iowa). A few diploids have been found in the northeastern part of the range, such as along the Black River in Central Ontario. All samples tested in the Southeastern United States have been found to be diploid.
The plant's natural range is from southern Canada (including Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick) down through Florida and west as far as the border of Colorado.
It grows in marshes (both tidal and non-tidal), bottomland forests, wet thickets, and streambanks.
The species is a larval host for the Epargyreus clarus. Leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae are the only pollinator that has been identified, though it has been speculated that the plant is also pollinated by flies.
American groundnut fixes its own nitrogen, which could be a great advantage in comparison to other roots crops, such as potatoes, true yams, and sweet potatoes. These do not fix their own nitrogen and require large applications of nitrogen fertilizer or cover cropping with nitrogen fixing plants. American groundnut can be nodulated by bacterial strains that are normally found in symbiosis with soybeans or cowpeas.
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Apios americana
Apios americana, sometimes called the American groundnut, potato bean, hopniss, Indian potato, hodoimo, America-hodoimo, cinnamon vine, or groundnut (not to be confused with other plants in the subfamily Faboideae sometimes known by that name) is a deciduous or evergreen perennial vine that bears edible beans and large edible tubers.
The vine of American groundnut can grow to 1–6 metres (3+1⁄2–19+1⁄2 feet) long. It has pinnate leaves 8–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long with 5–7 leaflets.
The flowers are usually pink, purple, or red-brown, and are produced in dense racemes 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. The fruit is a legume (pod) 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. In botanical terms, the tubers are rhizomatous stems, not roots.
The species is normally 2n=2x=22, diploid, but both diploid and triploid forms exist. Only diploids are capable of producing seeds; triploids will produce flowers but not seeds. Thus, triploids are entirely dependent on tuber division for propagation whereas diploids can be propagated through both seeds and tubers. Other than seed production, there are no easily identifiable differences between diploids and triploids. Triploids are generally found in the northern part of American groundnut's range whereas diploids predominate in the southern part of the range. Triploids have been identified in Canada (in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario) and the United States (in Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Iowa). A few diploids have been found in the northeastern part of the range, such as along the Black River in Central Ontario. All samples tested in the Southeastern United States have been found to be diploid.
The plant's natural range is from southern Canada (including Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick) down through Florida and west as far as the border of Colorado.
It grows in marshes (both tidal and non-tidal), bottomland forests, wet thickets, and streambanks.
The species is a larval host for the Epargyreus clarus. Leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae are the only pollinator that has been identified, though it has been speculated that the plant is also pollinated by flies.
American groundnut fixes its own nitrogen, which could be a great advantage in comparison to other roots crops, such as potatoes, true yams, and sweet potatoes. These do not fix their own nitrogen and require large applications of nitrogen fertilizer or cover cropping with nitrogen fixing plants. American groundnut can be nodulated by bacterial strains that are normally found in symbiosis with soybeans or cowpeas.