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Arthur Mitchell (physician)
Sir Arthur Mitchell MD KCB FRSE LLD (19 January 1826 – 12 October 1909) was a Scottish doctor involved in the study and care of patients with mental illness. He served on several public commissions, and wrote widely on history and anthropology.
Mitchell was born in Elgin, Moray, the son of George Mitchell, a civil engineer, and his wife, Elizabeth Cant. He was educated at Elgin Academy. He studied at the University of Aberdeen, graduating MA in 1845 and MD in 1850. He did further postgraduate studies in Paris, Berlin and Vienna.
From at least 1856 Mitchell was based at Larbert Hospital, Scotland's largest hospital specialising in mental health.[citation needed] He lived in Edinburgh, a short train journey away, at 7 Laverockbank Villas in the Trinity district.
In 1857 Mitchell was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Lunacy with the newly established General Board of Lunacy for Scotland, acting as deputy to William A.F. Browne. His appointment closely followed the publication of a report by the Scottish Lunacy Commission that prompted a greater understanding of the care of the insane. The appointment was controversial at the time, as he was still relatively inexperienced. His work included a study of individuals in private care, which was described in his publication The Insane in Private Dwellings. He reported that in 1862 there were 3628 insane persons in private care in Scotland, out of a total of 8207 (44%). While he recorded many cases of neglect and abuse in this setting, he argued that private care, if properly supervised, had an important part to play in the management of the insane. This suggestion was not in accord with the thrust of the 1857 report, which emphasised the role of district asylums. Susser (2010) gives a modern evaluation of this work, describing the methods used as going "well beyond the practices of his own time, and, in some respects, were better than the methods used in such investigations today.
The Insane in Private Dwellings included a great deal of statistical data, and this was to be a feature of much of his work. In 1865-1866 he published a series of papers examining the effects of consanguinous marriages on the offspring. This area was highly contentious, but much of the comment was based on anecdotal evidence or assertions without supporting evidence. While Mitchell's study was not conclusive, he identified the weaknesses of the existing work, and described in clear terms the two types of study that could resolve the issue: the first taking a large, representative, sample of defective births and comparing the parentage with that in the general population; the second, to collect family histories of everyone in a particular locality and follow up those with consaginuous marriages compared to unrelated marriages – in modern terms a cohort study. While he never carried out such studies, his evaluation of the evidence was the best that was available at the time, and his proposals for study design sound.
In 1870 Mitchell became Commissioner for Lunacy, a post he held until 1895. He continued with his research, and in 1877 published Contribution to the statistics of insanity which described a cohort study which followed all first asylum admissions in Scotland in the year 1858 for up to 12 years, to 1870. The total number of patients in the cohort was 1297. The study documented both those who remained within asylums, and those who left. In the latter case re-admissions, recoveries and deaths were recorded as far as possible. This was one of the first prospective studies carried out in psychiatry.
In 1866 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Hutton Balfour. He served as the Society's Vice President 1889 to 1894 and 1896 to 1902. and in 1880 he was appointed a member of the Commission on Criminal Lunacy in England. In 1885 he became a member of a committee on criminal lunatics in Ireland, and from 1889 chaired a commission to enquire into the lunacy administration of Ireland. In 1908 he was President of the Royal Meteorological Society.
Mitchell's work with the Board of Lunacy required him to travel extensively in Scotland, and he took advantage of this to carry out research in archaeology and anthropology. He reported on several underground buildings, and on a large collection of "rude stone implements" from Shetland. The stone implements were found in a variety of locations: on the surface; in subterranean structures; in the heart of a large tumulus; outside a stone coffin; or inside a kistvaen. Mitchell pointed out that the relatively crude workmanship could indicate an early origin, but could equally represent more recent work as an old skill declined. He used a similar argument in describing some of his finds in the communities of the Scottish islands, for example spindle whorls, and craggans, unglazed and usually undecorated clay pots. Mitchell not only saw these in use, but in several cases saw them being made. He commented that if they were found in an archeological excavation they might well be thought to be from the Stone Age. He also recorded the customs and practices of the places he visited, in particular regional superstitions. In 1876 he became the first Rhind lecturer, and described many of his findings in a series of six lectures, which were published as The Past in the Present: What is Civilisation?. His conclusion was that the difference in the essential characteristics of modern and early peoples are imperceptible, that civilisation was due to accumulated knowledge rather than an inherent superiority of its individual members.
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Arthur Mitchell (physician)
Sir Arthur Mitchell MD KCB FRSE LLD (19 January 1826 – 12 October 1909) was a Scottish doctor involved in the study and care of patients with mental illness. He served on several public commissions, and wrote widely on history and anthropology.
Mitchell was born in Elgin, Moray, the son of George Mitchell, a civil engineer, and his wife, Elizabeth Cant. He was educated at Elgin Academy. He studied at the University of Aberdeen, graduating MA in 1845 and MD in 1850. He did further postgraduate studies in Paris, Berlin and Vienna.
From at least 1856 Mitchell was based at Larbert Hospital, Scotland's largest hospital specialising in mental health.[citation needed] He lived in Edinburgh, a short train journey away, at 7 Laverockbank Villas in the Trinity district.
In 1857 Mitchell was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Lunacy with the newly established General Board of Lunacy for Scotland, acting as deputy to William A.F. Browne. His appointment closely followed the publication of a report by the Scottish Lunacy Commission that prompted a greater understanding of the care of the insane. The appointment was controversial at the time, as he was still relatively inexperienced. His work included a study of individuals in private care, which was described in his publication The Insane in Private Dwellings. He reported that in 1862 there were 3628 insane persons in private care in Scotland, out of a total of 8207 (44%). While he recorded many cases of neglect and abuse in this setting, he argued that private care, if properly supervised, had an important part to play in the management of the insane. This suggestion was not in accord with the thrust of the 1857 report, which emphasised the role of district asylums. Susser (2010) gives a modern evaluation of this work, describing the methods used as going "well beyond the practices of his own time, and, in some respects, were better than the methods used in such investigations today.
The Insane in Private Dwellings included a great deal of statistical data, and this was to be a feature of much of his work. In 1865-1866 he published a series of papers examining the effects of consanguinous marriages on the offspring. This area was highly contentious, but much of the comment was based on anecdotal evidence or assertions without supporting evidence. While Mitchell's study was not conclusive, he identified the weaknesses of the existing work, and described in clear terms the two types of study that could resolve the issue: the first taking a large, representative, sample of defective births and comparing the parentage with that in the general population; the second, to collect family histories of everyone in a particular locality and follow up those with consaginuous marriages compared to unrelated marriages – in modern terms a cohort study. While he never carried out such studies, his evaluation of the evidence was the best that was available at the time, and his proposals for study design sound.
In 1870 Mitchell became Commissioner for Lunacy, a post he held until 1895. He continued with his research, and in 1877 published Contribution to the statistics of insanity which described a cohort study which followed all first asylum admissions in Scotland in the year 1858 for up to 12 years, to 1870. The total number of patients in the cohort was 1297. The study documented both those who remained within asylums, and those who left. In the latter case re-admissions, recoveries and deaths were recorded as far as possible. This was one of the first prospective studies carried out in psychiatry.
In 1866 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Hutton Balfour. He served as the Society's Vice President 1889 to 1894 and 1896 to 1902. and in 1880 he was appointed a member of the Commission on Criminal Lunacy in England. In 1885 he became a member of a committee on criminal lunatics in Ireland, and from 1889 chaired a commission to enquire into the lunacy administration of Ireland. In 1908 he was President of the Royal Meteorological Society.
Mitchell's work with the Board of Lunacy required him to travel extensively in Scotland, and he took advantage of this to carry out research in archaeology and anthropology. He reported on several underground buildings, and on a large collection of "rude stone implements" from Shetland. The stone implements were found in a variety of locations: on the surface; in subterranean structures; in the heart of a large tumulus; outside a stone coffin; or inside a kistvaen. Mitchell pointed out that the relatively crude workmanship could indicate an early origin, but could equally represent more recent work as an old skill declined. He used a similar argument in describing some of his finds in the communities of the Scottish islands, for example spindle whorls, and craggans, unglazed and usually undecorated clay pots. Mitchell not only saw these in use, but in several cases saw them being made. He commented that if they were found in an archeological excavation they might well be thought to be from the Stone Age. He also recorded the customs and practices of the places he visited, in particular regional superstitions. In 1876 he became the first Rhind lecturer, and described many of his findings in a series of six lectures, which were published as The Past in the Present: What is Civilisation?. His conclusion was that the difference in the essential characteristics of modern and early peoples are imperceptible, that civilisation was due to accumulated knowledge rather than an inherent superiority of its individual members.
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