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Austenitic stainless steel
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Austenitic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five families of stainless steel (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened). Its primary crystalline structure is austenite (face-centered cubic). Such steels are not hardenable by heat treatment and are essentially non-magnetic. This structure is achieved by adding enough austenite-stabilizing elements such as nickel, manganese and nitrogen. The Incoloy family of alloys belong to the category of super austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion resistance is provided by the large percentage of alloyed chromium, the inclusion of which imparts a protective Cr2O3 layer on the exposed surface when chromium reacts with atmospheric oxygen.
During World War II, the Schaeffler diagram was invented by Anton Schaeffler, who was then a budding metallurgist in the employ of two American welding electrode manufacturers, Harnischfeger Company and A.O. Smith Corporation.
Austenitic stainless steels are divided into 300-series and 200-series subgroups. In 300 series stainless steels, the austenitic structure is obtained primarily by adding nickel. The structure in 200 series stainless steels, however, is obtained by adding manganese and nitrogen, with a small amount of nickel content. This makes 200 series steels a cost-effective nickel-chromium austenitic type stainless steel.
300 series stainless steels are the larger subgroup. The most common austenitic stainless steel and most common of all stainless steel is Type 304, also known as 18/8 or A2. Type 304 is extensively used in such items as cookware, cutlery, and kitchen equipment. Type 316, also known as A4, is the next most common austenitic stainless steel. Some 300 series, such as Type 316, also contain some molybdenum to promote resistance to acids and increase resistance to localized attack (e.g. pitting and crevice corrosion).
The higher nitrogen addition in 200 series gives them higher mechanical strength than 300 series.
Alloy 20 (Carpenter 20) is an austenitic stainless steel possessing excellent resistance to hot sulfuric acid and many other aggressive environments which would readily attack type 316 stainless. This alloy exhibits superior resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling 20–40% sulfuric acid. Alloy 20 has excellent mechanical properties and the presence of niobium in the alloy minimizes the precipitation of carbides during welding.
Heat resisting grades can be used at elevated temperatures, usually above 600 °C (1,100 °F).
They must resist corrosion (usually oxidation) and retain mechanical properties, mostly strength (yield stress) and creep resistance.
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Austenitic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five families of stainless steel (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened). Its primary crystalline structure is austenite (face-centered cubic). Such steels are not hardenable by heat treatment and are essentially non-magnetic. This structure is achieved by adding enough austenite-stabilizing elements such as nickel, manganese and nitrogen. The Incoloy family of alloys belong to the category of super austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion resistance is provided by the large percentage of alloyed chromium, the inclusion of which imparts a protective Cr2O3 layer on the exposed surface when chromium reacts with atmospheric oxygen.
During World War II, the Schaeffler diagram was invented by Anton Schaeffler, who was then a budding metallurgist in the employ of two American welding electrode manufacturers, Harnischfeger Company and A.O. Smith Corporation.
Austenitic stainless steels are divided into 300-series and 200-series subgroups. In 300 series stainless steels, the austenitic structure is obtained primarily by adding nickel. The structure in 200 series stainless steels, however, is obtained by adding manganese and nitrogen, with a small amount of nickel content. This makes 200 series steels a cost-effective nickel-chromium austenitic type stainless steel.
300 series stainless steels are the larger subgroup. The most common austenitic stainless steel and most common of all stainless steel is Type 304, also known as 18/8 or A2. Type 304 is extensively used in such items as cookware, cutlery, and kitchen equipment. Type 316, also known as A4, is the next most common austenitic stainless steel. Some 300 series, such as Type 316, also contain some molybdenum to promote resistance to acids and increase resistance to localized attack (e.g. pitting and crevice corrosion).
The higher nitrogen addition in 200 series gives them higher mechanical strength than 300 series.
Alloy 20 (Carpenter 20) is an austenitic stainless steel possessing excellent resistance to hot sulfuric acid and many other aggressive environments which would readily attack type 316 stainless. This alloy exhibits superior resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling 20–40% sulfuric acid. Alloy 20 has excellent mechanical properties and the presence of niobium in the alloy minimizes the precipitation of carbides during welding.
Heat resisting grades can be used at elevated temperatures, usually above 600 °C (1,100 °F).
They must resist corrosion (usually oxidation) and retain mechanical properties, mostly strength (yield stress) and creep resistance.
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