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Bisbee Riot
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Bisbee Riot
The Bisbee Riot, or the Battle of Brewery Gulch, was a riot that occurred on July 3, 1919, between the black Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry and members of local police forces in Bisbee, Arizona.
The Bisbee Riot was a part of the Red Summer of 1919, during which violent race riots, often influenced by white supremacist terrorism, broke out across the country. This riot was unusual for being between police and military, unlike most of the other riots during the Red Summer which involved civilians.
Following a confrontation between a military policeman and some of the Buffalo Soldiers, the situation escalated into a street battle in Bisbee's historic Brewery Gulch. At least fifty soldiers were arrested, eight people were seriously injured, and one bystander was killed.
In 1900, Bisbee had a population of 9,019 people, and an economy centered around the copper mining industry. The city had been described as a “white man’s camp” since the 1880s, following the town’s decision to bar Chinese people from staying overnight. Bisbee did, however, have a significant Hispanic population, though they often had fewer job opportunities and substandard pay compared to the city’s white population. For example, the town prevented anyone perceived as "Mexican" from doing anything but the most menial mining jobs, as most of these jobs were reserved for the white residents.
In 1913, the Buffalo Soldiers of the10th Cavalry were stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, for border patrol purposes. They would eventually take part in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916. The soldiers would often visit nearby towns, including Bisbee about 35 miles to the east, for social activities like dances and celebrations even though they faced hostilities from the white townspeople. Black communities within Bisbee often sponsored events that the 10th Cavalry was a part of, and some soldiers even married local black women.
The unrest on July 3 would take place in Brewery Gulch, Bisbee’s main street and red-light district. Brewery Gulch was lined with brothels, saloons, and gambling halls. This was the site of fighting when unrest broke out.
Mrs. Frederick Theodore Arnold, the wife of the fort's commander in 1918, wrote the following about the town in her diary:
The town was in a gulch just wide enough for one street [with] the stores and houses ... built mostly where rock is dug away, ... all one above the other like the cliff dwellers. Long flights of steps lead on up and up from house to house. It is the queerest town and the street ... runs right up-hill its whole winding length with a streetcar line ... there must be several thousand people there, and it is the busiest place you ever saw ... [There was] an enormous general store with everything from carpet tacks to oranges and hair nets.
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Bisbee Riot
The Bisbee Riot, or the Battle of Brewery Gulch, was a riot that occurred on July 3, 1919, between the black Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry and members of local police forces in Bisbee, Arizona.
The Bisbee Riot was a part of the Red Summer of 1919, during which violent race riots, often influenced by white supremacist terrorism, broke out across the country. This riot was unusual for being between police and military, unlike most of the other riots during the Red Summer which involved civilians.
Following a confrontation between a military policeman and some of the Buffalo Soldiers, the situation escalated into a street battle in Bisbee's historic Brewery Gulch. At least fifty soldiers were arrested, eight people were seriously injured, and one bystander was killed.
In 1900, Bisbee had a population of 9,019 people, and an economy centered around the copper mining industry. The city had been described as a “white man’s camp” since the 1880s, following the town’s decision to bar Chinese people from staying overnight. Bisbee did, however, have a significant Hispanic population, though they often had fewer job opportunities and substandard pay compared to the city’s white population. For example, the town prevented anyone perceived as "Mexican" from doing anything but the most menial mining jobs, as most of these jobs were reserved for the white residents.
In 1913, the Buffalo Soldiers of the10th Cavalry were stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, for border patrol purposes. They would eventually take part in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916. The soldiers would often visit nearby towns, including Bisbee about 35 miles to the east, for social activities like dances and celebrations even though they faced hostilities from the white townspeople. Black communities within Bisbee often sponsored events that the 10th Cavalry was a part of, and some soldiers even married local black women.
The unrest on July 3 would take place in Brewery Gulch, Bisbee’s main street and red-light district. Brewery Gulch was lined with brothels, saloons, and gambling halls. This was the site of fighting when unrest broke out.
Mrs. Frederick Theodore Arnold, the wife of the fort's commander in 1918, wrote the following about the town in her diary:
The town was in a gulch just wide enough for one street [with] the stores and houses ... built mostly where rock is dug away, ... all one above the other like the cliff dwellers. Long flights of steps lead on up and up from house to house. It is the queerest town and the street ... runs right up-hill its whole winding length with a streetcar line ... there must be several thousand people there, and it is the busiest place you ever saw ... [There was] an enormous general store with everything from carpet tacks to oranges and hair nets.
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