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Bolted joint
A bolted joint is one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. It consists of a male threaded fastener (e. g., a bolt) that captures and joins other parts, secured with a matching female screw thread. There are two main types of bolted joint designs: tension joints and shear joints.
The selection of the components in a threaded joint is a complex process. Careful consideration is given to many factors such as temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, and initial preload.
There are two types of tension joint: non-preloaded and preloaded.
These joints are not tightened to a precise preload, and the tension is mainly used to keep parts together without generating a high clamping force. An applied tensile load may cause separation of the joint. This type of joint should not be used where it is frequently subjected to variations of tensile loading.
In these joints, the bolt is tightened to apply a specific preload, generating a tensile force in the bolt and an equal compressive force in the clamped parts. This ensures that any applied tensile loads are distributed between the bolt and the clamped parts (see theory section), which has some advantages:
The joint should be designed so that the preload always exceeds the external tensile load to prevent separation. If the external tensile load exceeds the preload, the joint will separate, allowing relative motion between the components, potential bolt loosening, and increased load on it.
In both the preloaded tension and slip-resistant shear joints, some level of preload in the bolt and resulting compression in the clamped components is essential to the joint integrity. The preload target can be achieved by a variety of methods: applying a measured torque to the bolt, measuring bolt extension, heating to expand the bolt then turning the nut down, torquing the bolt to the yield point, testing ultrasonically, or by applying a certain number of degrees of relative rotation of the threaded components. Each method has a range of uncertainties associated with it, some of which are very substantial.
There are two types of shear joint: slip-resistant and the bearing type.
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Bolted joint
A bolted joint is one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. It consists of a male threaded fastener (e. g., a bolt) that captures and joins other parts, secured with a matching female screw thread. There are two main types of bolted joint designs: tension joints and shear joints.
The selection of the components in a threaded joint is a complex process. Careful consideration is given to many factors such as temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, and initial preload.
There are two types of tension joint: non-preloaded and preloaded.
These joints are not tightened to a precise preload, and the tension is mainly used to keep parts together without generating a high clamping force. An applied tensile load may cause separation of the joint. This type of joint should not be used where it is frequently subjected to variations of tensile loading.
In these joints, the bolt is tightened to apply a specific preload, generating a tensile force in the bolt and an equal compressive force in the clamped parts. This ensures that any applied tensile loads are distributed between the bolt and the clamped parts (see theory section), which has some advantages:
The joint should be designed so that the preload always exceeds the external tensile load to prevent separation. If the external tensile load exceeds the preload, the joint will separate, allowing relative motion between the components, potential bolt loosening, and increased load on it.
In both the preloaded tension and slip-resistant shear joints, some level of preload in the bolt and resulting compression in the clamped components is essential to the joint integrity. The preload target can be achieved by a variety of methods: applying a measured torque to the bolt, measuring bolt extension, heating to expand the bolt then turning the nut down, torquing the bolt to the yield point, testing ultrasonically, or by applying a certain number of degrees of relative rotation of the threaded components. Each method has a range of uncertainties associated with it, some of which are very substantial.
There are two types of shear joint: slip-resistant and the bearing type.