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Bonny Light oil
Bonny Light oil was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.
Crude oil is a yellow to black colored liquid that exists by nature without artificial factors, observed in geological rock formations underneath the superficial parts of the earth. While the exploration of petroleum began in the late 1930s, the oil for commercial use was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956. As oil exploration has been expanding, light and medium oil like bonny light oil are produced.[citation needed] Searching and exploitation of oil are done in that area which 90% of crude oil production is related to. Bonny light oil has many advantages over sour crudes so that its price is higher. Nigeria has become the eleventh largest country that produces crude oil in the world. The largest buyer of this oil is India, the biggest influence on oil demand growth In addition to India, USA, Spain, and Netherlands are countries that import Bonny light crude oil.
The components of crude oil have a wide range, containing hydrocarbons and a mixture of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace metals. Hydrocarbon of crude oil consists of paraffin, cycloparaffins and aromatic material with at least one benzene ring. Bonny light oil also includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Almost all of these elements, such as vanadium, nickel, asphaltenes, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known as toxic.
At first, people attempted to use crude oil for lighting, considering its flammable trait. However, it was not appropriate as lamps because of stink and intense fumes while it was burning. There are various ways that indigenous people used crude oil. For the purpose of remedial treatment as poison detoxification, anti-convulsion and dermal inflammation, people swallowed crude oil directly. In traditional medicine, BLCO is used along with olive oil. They applied it on their burnt skin, rotten foot and leg ulcers. Furthermore, it is used for wizardry attacks and poison cure. People utilized it to cure symptoms which are related to ingestion, such as gastrointestinal disorders and fertility. As a way of complementing protein, most of people in the communities ate marine animals from coastal areas, which is a form of consuming crude oil indirectly.
The value of fuels and oils which are generated from the crude oil falls off due to its sulfur compounds. “They cause corrosion of equipment during treatment, reduce activity of antidetonation additives and antioxidizing stability of gasoline, raise the propensity to form hard residues in cracking gasoline fractions, and result and environment pollution". According to world standards, the content of sulfur in BLCO is low, so refinery infrastructure is less affected by corrosion and low impact on environment which his occurred by its byproducts. The sulfur content varies from 0.14% to 0.16%. If less than 1% of sulfur is included in crude oil, it is assorted into sweet which means low sulfur content.
There are three types of crude oil, light, medium and heavy, according to its density. For gasoline blends, composites which are lighter hydrocarbons are used. Molecular weights of these hydrocarbons are lower than heptane. Since most of Nigerian crudes are either light or medium sweet, creating plentiful amount of diesel, they are more costly than sour crudes. Gasoline is produced from processed crude oil and it is highly valued petroleum products. Therefore, to have maximized profit, refiners seek to boost gasoline yields.
API gravity, American Petroleum Institute gravity, is a reverse method to decide “the weight of petroleum liquids in comparison to water”. If the API gravity exceeds 10, the liquid will float on the water and is classified to light oil. Therefore, the higher API means the lighter crude oil and it is regarded as more precious than crude oil with lower API (heavier crude) as it generates more high-value products during refinery process. The API range of light crude is between 35 and 45, and BLCO has an API of 32.9.
Nigeria has been generating most of its revenue from oil industry for the past 30 years. However, since petroleum industry has appeared, many pollution problems have risen in Nigeria. The major problem was caused by oil spills, occurring during usual operations.[citation needed] From 1976 to 1988, 2000 oil spillages happened in Nigeria and more than two million barrels of bonny light oil were released to the community during this period. Additionally, break of oil pipelines, erosion of flow and trunk lines, and hose failure are the causes of oil spills. Consequently, both the aquatic milieu and environment had detrimental impacts by them. These ecosystems are key element in agricultural productivity and main source for Nigerians, inhabiting in the oil-producing areas, to live. Therefore, some activists in Nigeria have spoiled pipelines, and key infrastructures which are related to crude oil and export flows are usually targeted. As a result, the issue related to oil effusion in Nigera has been exacerbated. In Nigeria, microbial seeding is being considered instead of mechanical ways by the main oil companies for the purpose of cleaning up oil spills.
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Bonny Light oil
Bonny Light oil was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.
Crude oil is a yellow to black colored liquid that exists by nature without artificial factors, observed in geological rock formations underneath the superficial parts of the earth. While the exploration of petroleum began in the late 1930s, the oil for commercial use was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956. As oil exploration has been expanding, light and medium oil like bonny light oil are produced.[citation needed] Searching and exploitation of oil are done in that area which 90% of crude oil production is related to. Bonny light oil has many advantages over sour crudes so that its price is higher. Nigeria has become the eleventh largest country that produces crude oil in the world. The largest buyer of this oil is India, the biggest influence on oil demand growth In addition to India, USA, Spain, and Netherlands are countries that import Bonny light crude oil.
The components of crude oil have a wide range, containing hydrocarbons and a mixture of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace metals. Hydrocarbon of crude oil consists of paraffin, cycloparaffins and aromatic material with at least one benzene ring. Bonny light oil also includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Almost all of these elements, such as vanadium, nickel, asphaltenes, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known as toxic.
At first, people attempted to use crude oil for lighting, considering its flammable trait. However, it was not appropriate as lamps because of stink and intense fumes while it was burning. There are various ways that indigenous people used crude oil. For the purpose of remedial treatment as poison detoxification, anti-convulsion and dermal inflammation, people swallowed crude oil directly. In traditional medicine, BLCO is used along with olive oil. They applied it on their burnt skin, rotten foot and leg ulcers. Furthermore, it is used for wizardry attacks and poison cure. People utilized it to cure symptoms which are related to ingestion, such as gastrointestinal disorders and fertility. As a way of complementing protein, most of people in the communities ate marine animals from coastal areas, which is a form of consuming crude oil indirectly.
The value of fuels and oils which are generated from the crude oil falls off due to its sulfur compounds. “They cause corrosion of equipment during treatment, reduce activity of antidetonation additives and antioxidizing stability of gasoline, raise the propensity to form hard residues in cracking gasoline fractions, and result and environment pollution". According to world standards, the content of sulfur in BLCO is low, so refinery infrastructure is less affected by corrosion and low impact on environment which his occurred by its byproducts. The sulfur content varies from 0.14% to 0.16%. If less than 1% of sulfur is included in crude oil, it is assorted into sweet which means low sulfur content.
There are three types of crude oil, light, medium and heavy, according to its density. For gasoline blends, composites which are lighter hydrocarbons are used. Molecular weights of these hydrocarbons are lower than heptane. Since most of Nigerian crudes are either light or medium sweet, creating plentiful amount of diesel, they are more costly than sour crudes. Gasoline is produced from processed crude oil and it is highly valued petroleum products. Therefore, to have maximized profit, refiners seek to boost gasoline yields.
API gravity, American Petroleum Institute gravity, is a reverse method to decide “the weight of petroleum liquids in comparison to water”. If the API gravity exceeds 10, the liquid will float on the water and is classified to light oil. Therefore, the higher API means the lighter crude oil and it is regarded as more precious than crude oil with lower API (heavier crude) as it generates more high-value products during refinery process. The API range of light crude is between 35 and 45, and BLCO has an API of 32.9.
Nigeria has been generating most of its revenue from oil industry for the past 30 years. However, since petroleum industry has appeared, many pollution problems have risen in Nigeria. The major problem was caused by oil spills, occurring during usual operations.[citation needed] From 1976 to 1988, 2000 oil spillages happened in Nigeria and more than two million barrels of bonny light oil were released to the community during this period. Additionally, break of oil pipelines, erosion of flow and trunk lines, and hose failure are the causes of oil spills. Consequently, both the aquatic milieu and environment had detrimental impacts by them. These ecosystems are key element in agricultural productivity and main source for Nigerians, inhabiting in the oil-producing areas, to live. Therefore, some activists in Nigeria have spoiled pipelines, and key infrastructures which are related to crude oil and export flows are usually targeted. As a result, the issue related to oil effusion in Nigera has been exacerbated. In Nigeria, microbial seeding is being considered instead of mechanical ways by the main oil companies for the purpose of cleaning up oil spills.
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