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Bruno Ernst Buchrucker
Bruno Ernst Buchrucker (5 January 1878 in Bad Sobernheim, German Empire – 19 February 1966 in Bad Godesberg near Bonn, West Germany) was a German military officer known for leading the 1923 Küstrin Putsch.
Buchrucker became an officer in the Prussian Army on 20 July 1897 and was assigned to its General Staff in April 1909. On 20 March 1911 he was promoted to captain and became head of a company of infantry stationed in Alsace–Lorraine, which had been annexed from France by Germany in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. In December 1913, he witnessed the Zabern Affair in the course of which officers of the regiment seized civil power, and the military acted with disproportionate severity against the local population for protesting insulting remarks made by a German officer. To defuse tension during the conflict, Buchrucker's unit was withdrawn from Saverne (German: Zabern) and temporarily relocated to Bitsch, also in Alsace–Lorraine. Buchrucker returned to his regular position in April 1914.
At the beginning of the First World War, he was assigned as a staff officer to the XIV Reserve Corps which initially operated in Alsace but was soon moved to the Somme. During the course of the war, he was employed in various general staff positions, and he was promoted to major on 22 March 1916 "after rigorous combat leadership". After the end of the war, Buchrucker led the 1st Battalion of the Freikorps in the Baltic, an anticommunist paramilitary unit that fought in the Baltic states. When he returned to Germany, he was accepted into the provisional Reichswehr, the precursor of Germany's official army during the Weimar Republic.
As garrison commander in Cottbus, Buchrucker supported the March 1920 Kapp Putsch against the German government. On 13 March mutinous troops occupied the Berlin government district and the Reich government fled to Stuttgart via Dresden. Buchrucker banned demonstrations and rallies in Cottbus and took over executive power. In response to the general strike, which the Majority Social Democratic Party (MSPD) government and trade unions called to protest the putsch, he used posters that promised, "Protection for those willing to work!" As Reichswehr patrols encountered resistance on 15 March, they, at Buchrucker's instigation, fired with machine guns at a fleeing crowd. Four people died and five were seriously wounded. Meanwhile, Reichswehr troops broke into the printing house of the newspaper Freier Volkswille belonging to the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and destroyed its high-speed printing presses with hand grenades.
On 16 March, fights that claimed additional victims developed on the outskirts of Cottbus between the Reichswehr and workers from Niederlausitz. "Large gatherings... brought a tremendously enthusiastic crowd together. The decision was made to set up a Red Guard, the ruler of Cottbus then forbade any gathering with instructions to disperse every crowd with rifle fire" – so said the social democratic "Märkische Volksstimme" on 21 March. On 17 March a social democratic delegation tried to negotiate with Buchrucker. According to information from a deputy who took part, Buchrucker uttered sentiments such as "My comparison is the murder weapon. The more of the rabble I gun down, the better I like it". "This red army consists of criminals and bushwhackers, shooting is the radical remedy". "I'll let every picketer be shot point blank". On 18 and 19 March, the fighting was concentrated in the Sandow district of Cottbus. Given the resistance and the failure of the Kapp Putsch in Berlin on 17 March, Buchrucker publicly announced the lifting of his extraordinary measures and his resignation of executive power in Cottbus. His unit was temporarily relocated to Vetschau.
Buchrucker was dismissed from the Reichswehr in September 1920. He was one of the few Reichswehr officers to be dismissed as a result of his behavior during the Kapp Putsch.
In May 1921, Buchrucker headed a supply centre in Cottbus for the Freikorps fighting in the Silesian Uprisings. He and his longtime friend Wilhelm von Oppen were the leading functionaries of the Brandenburg homeland association (Heimatbund). The homeland associations were successor organisation to the civil guards (Einwohnerwehren) that had been dissolved on 8 April 1920 under pressure from the Entente Powers. Buchrucker also maintained contacts with Gerhard Roßbach and his officially-dissolved Freikorps, whose members were disguised on agricultural estates in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
In the summer of 1921, Buchrucker was employed by Military District III of the Reichswehr under a private service contract. Subordinate to Fedor von Bock, Buchrucker was in command of the so-called labor commandos (Arbeitskommandos), whose official role was defined by Defense Minister Otto Geßler in 1926 to be the "clearing up, sorting out and destruction of the countless pieces of war equipment scattered and hidden, especially in the area of Berlin, the Ostmark, and Silesia". In addition, according to Geßler, "a kind of refuge for the forces that had become rootless as a result of the dissolution of the Freikorps and the self-protection units (Selbstschutz) of Upper Silesia" should be created. By the summer of 1923 – contrary to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles which limited the size of German's armed forces – a Black Reichswehr was established with a permanent base of 2,000 men and an additional 18,000 men in quick response units. The latter came predominantly from nationalist associations and had received military training in four to six-week courses.
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Bruno Ernst Buchrucker
Bruno Ernst Buchrucker (5 January 1878 in Bad Sobernheim, German Empire – 19 February 1966 in Bad Godesberg near Bonn, West Germany) was a German military officer known for leading the 1923 Küstrin Putsch.
Buchrucker became an officer in the Prussian Army on 20 July 1897 and was assigned to its General Staff in April 1909. On 20 March 1911 he was promoted to captain and became head of a company of infantry stationed in Alsace–Lorraine, which had been annexed from France by Germany in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. In December 1913, he witnessed the Zabern Affair in the course of which officers of the regiment seized civil power, and the military acted with disproportionate severity against the local population for protesting insulting remarks made by a German officer. To defuse tension during the conflict, Buchrucker's unit was withdrawn from Saverne (German: Zabern) and temporarily relocated to Bitsch, also in Alsace–Lorraine. Buchrucker returned to his regular position in April 1914.
At the beginning of the First World War, he was assigned as a staff officer to the XIV Reserve Corps which initially operated in Alsace but was soon moved to the Somme. During the course of the war, he was employed in various general staff positions, and he was promoted to major on 22 March 1916 "after rigorous combat leadership". After the end of the war, Buchrucker led the 1st Battalion of the Freikorps in the Baltic, an anticommunist paramilitary unit that fought in the Baltic states. When he returned to Germany, he was accepted into the provisional Reichswehr, the precursor of Germany's official army during the Weimar Republic.
As garrison commander in Cottbus, Buchrucker supported the March 1920 Kapp Putsch against the German government. On 13 March mutinous troops occupied the Berlin government district and the Reich government fled to Stuttgart via Dresden. Buchrucker banned demonstrations and rallies in Cottbus and took over executive power. In response to the general strike, which the Majority Social Democratic Party (MSPD) government and trade unions called to protest the putsch, he used posters that promised, "Protection for those willing to work!" As Reichswehr patrols encountered resistance on 15 March, they, at Buchrucker's instigation, fired with machine guns at a fleeing crowd. Four people died and five were seriously wounded. Meanwhile, Reichswehr troops broke into the printing house of the newspaper Freier Volkswille belonging to the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and destroyed its high-speed printing presses with hand grenades.
On 16 March, fights that claimed additional victims developed on the outskirts of Cottbus between the Reichswehr and workers from Niederlausitz. "Large gatherings... brought a tremendously enthusiastic crowd together. The decision was made to set up a Red Guard, the ruler of Cottbus then forbade any gathering with instructions to disperse every crowd with rifle fire" – so said the social democratic "Märkische Volksstimme" on 21 March. On 17 March a social democratic delegation tried to negotiate with Buchrucker. According to information from a deputy who took part, Buchrucker uttered sentiments such as "My comparison is the murder weapon. The more of the rabble I gun down, the better I like it". "This red army consists of criminals and bushwhackers, shooting is the radical remedy". "I'll let every picketer be shot point blank". On 18 and 19 March, the fighting was concentrated in the Sandow district of Cottbus. Given the resistance and the failure of the Kapp Putsch in Berlin on 17 March, Buchrucker publicly announced the lifting of his extraordinary measures and his resignation of executive power in Cottbus. His unit was temporarily relocated to Vetschau.
Buchrucker was dismissed from the Reichswehr in September 1920. He was one of the few Reichswehr officers to be dismissed as a result of his behavior during the Kapp Putsch.
In May 1921, Buchrucker headed a supply centre in Cottbus for the Freikorps fighting in the Silesian Uprisings. He and his longtime friend Wilhelm von Oppen were the leading functionaries of the Brandenburg homeland association (Heimatbund). The homeland associations were successor organisation to the civil guards (Einwohnerwehren) that had been dissolved on 8 April 1920 under pressure from the Entente Powers. Buchrucker also maintained contacts with Gerhard Roßbach and his officially-dissolved Freikorps, whose members were disguised on agricultural estates in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
In the summer of 1921, Buchrucker was employed by Military District III of the Reichswehr under a private service contract. Subordinate to Fedor von Bock, Buchrucker was in command of the so-called labor commandos (Arbeitskommandos), whose official role was defined by Defense Minister Otto Geßler in 1926 to be the "clearing up, sorting out and destruction of the countless pieces of war equipment scattered and hidden, especially in the area of Berlin, the Ostmark, and Silesia". In addition, according to Geßler, "a kind of refuge for the forces that had become rootless as a result of the dissolution of the Freikorps and the self-protection units (Selbstschutz) of Upper Silesia" should be created. By the summer of 1923 – contrary to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles which limited the size of German's armed forces – a Black Reichswehr was established with a permanent base of 2,000 men and an additional 18,000 men in quick response units. The latter came predominantly from nationalist associations and had received military training in four to six-week courses.