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Brush

A brush is a common tool with bristles, wire or other filaments. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed in either a parallel or perpendicular orientation, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand hazards of its intended use, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion. It is used for cleaning, grooming hair, make up, painting, surface finishing and for many other purposes. It is one of the most basic and versatile tools in use today, and the average household may contain several dozen varieties.

Brush manufacturing extends back to the Egyptians around 3500 BC, with rudimentary paint brushes from split palm leaves and animal hair. These brushes made by hand, where dry leaves and fibers would be tied to tree branches that served as the handle. The applications were for pottery decoration and tomb wall painting. In parallel China also began the development of its own brushes around the same time. Most of the applications for brushes were for decorating, and the first writing brushes represents a variation of manufacturing. With over 120 processes from selecting materials to finished products to choose from this expanded the capabilities of what a manufactured brush would be able to do. The Huzhou ink brush reflects the culmination of the early brush manufacturing era as an established pioneer of writing tool.

During the renaissance was when a significant advancement was made to brush manufacturing. This is partly thanks to the documentation done at the time by Libro dell'Arte by Cennino Cennini. Brushes became extremely specialized and the round brush dominated this era. Flat brushes had not developed yet due to technological limitations in ferrule construction.

The 1700s is when the first mass-produced toothbrush was created. William Addis following his prison incarceration was the first to pioneer drilling holes into a substrate to then secure ferrules with glue. The established manufacturing principle it follows is reminiscent of staple-set brush manufacturing that is used today.

The next major advancement was the utilization of metal ferrules in brush making. Using metal instead of regular animal hairs or organic fibers created a product which had superior durability and shape retention. This expanded the possible applications for brush products and with more robust brushes a new technique was developed to manufacture these products. Instead of using a wire or cord to secure the bristles to the base now there would be a metal extrusion like a U channel produced. The bristles would be inserted into the U channel and the metal extrusion would be crimped to hold the bristles in place. This mechanically secured way of holding brushes is seen widely today in industrial strip brushes. This prevented an issue at the time where moisture would get in between the handle and brush, separating it.

The industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries marked the mechanization and mass production turning point for brush manufacturing. In the 1850s, the first machines designed for drilling brush handles were patented. Anton Zahoransky is noted as the pioneer and founder for what would become of brush-inserting machines.

When houses were first inhabited, homeowners used branches taken from shrubs to sweep up dirt, hence using the first brushes. In 1859, the first brush factory in America was set up in New York.

There are two main ways for manufacturing brushes with modern-day cnc. With a machine the stock will be prepared to be loaded in the machine where a filament gauge proceeds to take a specific amount of material from the stock. the bristles or brush filaments historically has been done with staples or anchors. This is called tufting (composites). First a hole is drilled into the material which the bristles will be set in. These bristles are inserted into the middle of a hole with a special driver. This driver contains the staple which will hold down the brush firmly into the material. The staple can also be replaced with a kind of anchor, which is a piece of rectangular profile wire that is anchored to the wall of the hole, like in most toothbrushes. Another way to attach the bristles to the surface can be found in a fused brush, in which instead of being inserted into a hole, a plastic fiber is welded to another plastic surface, giving the option to use different diameters of bristles in the same brush.

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