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Caffeine dependence
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Caffeine dependence
Caffeine dependence is a condition characterized by a set of criteria, including tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use, and continued use despite knowledge of adverse consequences attributed to caffeine. It can appear in physical dependence or psychological dependence, or both. Caffeine is one of the most common additives in many consumer products, including pills and beverages such as caffeinated alcoholic beverages, energy drinks, pain reliever medications, and colas. Caffeine is found naturally in various plants such as coffee and tea. Studies have found that 89 percent of adults in the U.S. consume on average 200 mg of caffeine daily. One area of concern that has been presented is the relationship between pregnancy and caffeine consumption, as repeated caffeine doses of 100 mg appeared to result in higher risk of low birth weight.
Moderate physical dependence often arises from prolonged long-term caffeine use. In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity: the stimulation of adenosine receptors produces sedation and a desire for sleep. Caffeine's ability to block these receptors means the levels of the body's natural stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue at higher levels.[citation needed]
Continued exposure to caffeine prompts the body to create more adenosine receptors in the central nervous system, which increases the body's adenosine sensitivity. This reduces the stimulatory effects of caffeine by increasing tolerance. It also causes the body to suffer withdrawal symptoms (e.g., headaches, fatigue, and irritability) if caffeine intake decreases.
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) describes four caffeine-related disorders including intoxication, withdrawal, anxiety, and sleep. Additionally, the DSM-5's Section III: Emerging Measures and Models defines a proposed diagnosis titled caffeine use disorder. This proposed disorder is mainly characterized by persistent use of caffeine despite the use having harmful effects and there being a desire to reduce consumption. The diagnosis also contains non-required criteria such as "[r]ecurrent caffeine use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home".
Pathologically reinforced caffeine use induces dependence, but not an addiction. For a drug to induce an addiction from repeated use at sufficiently high doses, it must activate the brain's reward circuitry, particularly the mesolimbic pathway. Neuroimaging studies of preclinical and human subjects have demonstrated that chronic caffeine consumption does not sufficiently activate the reward system, relative to other drugs of addiction (e.g., cocaine, morphine, nicotine). As a consequence, compulsive use (i.e., an addiction) of caffeine has yet to be observed in humans. Caffeine dependence forms due to caffeine antagonizing the adenosine A2A receptor, effectively blocking adenosine from the adenosine receptor site. This delays the onset of drowsiness and releases dopamine. As of right now, caffeine withdrawal qualifies as a psychiatric condition by the American Psychiatric Association, but caffeine use disorder does not.
Roland R. Griffiths, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, strongly believes that caffeine withdrawal should be classified as a psychological disorder. His research suggests that withdrawal affects 50% of habitual coffee drinkers, beginning within 12–24 hours after cessation of caffeine intake, and peaking in 20–48 hours, lasting as long as 9 days. In another study, he concluded that people who take in a minimum of 100 mg of caffeine per day (about the amount in one cup of coffee) can acquire a physical dependence that would trigger withdrawal symptoms, including muscle pain and stiffness, nausea, vomiting, depressed mood, and other symptoms.
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Withdrawal symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, backaches, and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. These symptoms may occur within 12–24 hours and can last two to nine days.
There has been research findings which suggest that the circadian cycle is not significantly changed under popular practices of caffeine consumption in the morning and during the afternoon.
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Caffeine dependence
Caffeine dependence is a condition characterized by a set of criteria, including tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use, and continued use despite knowledge of adverse consequences attributed to caffeine. It can appear in physical dependence or psychological dependence, or both. Caffeine is one of the most common additives in many consumer products, including pills and beverages such as caffeinated alcoholic beverages, energy drinks, pain reliever medications, and colas. Caffeine is found naturally in various plants such as coffee and tea. Studies have found that 89 percent of adults in the U.S. consume on average 200 mg of caffeine daily. One area of concern that has been presented is the relationship between pregnancy and caffeine consumption, as repeated caffeine doses of 100 mg appeared to result in higher risk of low birth weight.
Moderate physical dependence often arises from prolonged long-term caffeine use. In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity: the stimulation of adenosine receptors produces sedation and a desire for sleep. Caffeine's ability to block these receptors means the levels of the body's natural stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue at higher levels.[citation needed]
Continued exposure to caffeine prompts the body to create more adenosine receptors in the central nervous system, which increases the body's adenosine sensitivity. This reduces the stimulatory effects of caffeine by increasing tolerance. It also causes the body to suffer withdrawal symptoms (e.g., headaches, fatigue, and irritability) if caffeine intake decreases.
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) describes four caffeine-related disorders including intoxication, withdrawal, anxiety, and sleep. Additionally, the DSM-5's Section III: Emerging Measures and Models defines a proposed diagnosis titled caffeine use disorder. This proposed disorder is mainly characterized by persistent use of caffeine despite the use having harmful effects and there being a desire to reduce consumption. The diagnosis also contains non-required criteria such as "[r]ecurrent caffeine use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home".
Pathologically reinforced caffeine use induces dependence, but not an addiction. For a drug to induce an addiction from repeated use at sufficiently high doses, it must activate the brain's reward circuitry, particularly the mesolimbic pathway. Neuroimaging studies of preclinical and human subjects have demonstrated that chronic caffeine consumption does not sufficiently activate the reward system, relative to other drugs of addiction (e.g., cocaine, morphine, nicotine). As a consequence, compulsive use (i.e., an addiction) of caffeine has yet to be observed in humans. Caffeine dependence forms due to caffeine antagonizing the adenosine A2A receptor, effectively blocking adenosine from the adenosine receptor site. This delays the onset of drowsiness and releases dopamine. As of right now, caffeine withdrawal qualifies as a psychiatric condition by the American Psychiatric Association, but caffeine use disorder does not.
Roland R. Griffiths, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, strongly believes that caffeine withdrawal should be classified as a psychological disorder. His research suggests that withdrawal affects 50% of habitual coffee drinkers, beginning within 12–24 hours after cessation of caffeine intake, and peaking in 20–48 hours, lasting as long as 9 days. In another study, he concluded that people who take in a minimum of 100 mg of caffeine per day (about the amount in one cup of coffee) can acquire a physical dependence that would trigger withdrawal symptoms, including muscle pain and stiffness, nausea, vomiting, depressed mood, and other symptoms.
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Withdrawal symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, backaches, and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. These symptoms may occur within 12–24 hours and can last two to nine days.
There has been research findings which suggest that the circadian cycle is not significantly changed under popular practices of caffeine consumption in the morning and during the afternoon.
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